the world of organic agriculture - Organic Eprints

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12 Organic Farming in Africa 12.3 Markets With a few exceptions (notably Egypt and South Africa) the African market for organic produce is very small. This is due to lack of awareness, low-income levels, lack of local organic standards and other infrastructure for local market certification (Kalibwani, 2004). Therefore, most certified organic production in Africa is geared towards export markets, with the large majority being exported to the EU, which is Africa’s largest market for agricultural produce (and the world’s largest organic market). The range of certified organic products currently being produced in Africa is shown in the table below. Table 24: Organic produce from Africa (by type and country) Organic produce from Africa (by type and country) product group countries Fresh Vegetables Egypt, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Morocco, South Africa, Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia Bananas Cameroon, Ghana, Senegal, Uganda Citrus Fruits, Grapes (including wine) Egypt, Morocco, South Africa Tropical fruits (fresh) Avocadoes, mangoes, pineapples, papaya etc. Cameroon, Egypt, Ghana, Madagascar, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda Dried Fruits Algeria, Burkina Faso, Egypt, Madagascar, Morocco, Tanzania, Tunisia, Uganda Coffee Cameroon, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Tanzania, Uganda Tea Tanzania, Uganda Cocoa Cameroon, Ghana, Madagascar, Tanzania, Uganda Sugar Madagascar, Mauritius, Cotton Benin, Egypt, Senegal, Tanzania, Uganda Coconut Oil Mozambique Palm Oil Ghana, Madagascar Tanzania Olive Oil Tunisia Ground Nuts (peanuts) Zambia Tree Nuts (cashew, shea) Kenya, Malawi, Morocco, Tanzania Sesame Burkina Faso, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe Herbs (culinary) Egypt, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Morocco, Mozambique, South Africa, Tunisia, Zambia, Zimbabwe Spices (culinary) Cameroon, Egypt, Ethiopia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe Medicinal / Therapeutic Herbs and Spices Egypt, Morocco, Namibia, Tunisia, Zambia Essential Oils Madagascar, Tanzania Honey Algeria, Malawi, Tanzania, Tunisia, Zambia Other Forest Products Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe Cereals Egypt 99
100 The World of Organic Agriculture 2006 With the exception of the Maghreb countries and Egypt, which benefit from their proximity to European markets, the potential of an export led organic strategy is constrained by high transport costs and poor infrastructure. For most sub-Saharan African countries the best potential for organic exports undoubtedly lies in low volume – high value crops (such as coffee, herbs, spices, medicinal and beauty products), non-perishable items and those which offer opportunities for adding value locally, such as tropical fruits (which can be dried or juiced). Domestic markets for organic produce are developing in Egypt and South Africa, both reasonably prosperous countries by African standards. Sekem, the pioneer of the organic movement in Egypt, has developed a substantial domestic market for a range of products, including herb teas, fruit and vegetables and organic cotton. Domestic sales now account for more than half of its certified production. In other countries and particularly in the larger cities, there are reports of some demand for “naturally” grown produce. Often, however, this is not certified and its popularity is often due to these products tasting better than their intensively grown counterparts. The potential of applying organic approaches within urban farming, which provides a high proportion of fresh vegetables and protein within many African cities, is being explored in some places. 12.4 State Support, Standards and Legislation At present Tunisia is the only African country with its own organic (EU compatible) standards, certification and inspection systems. Egypt and South Africa have both made significant progress in this direction. Both have two certifying organizations and are well on the way to developing standards. Morocco and Zambia have made some progress to developing their own standards. The Namibian government has expressed an interest in developing an organic sector and the Ugandan Coffee Development Authority recognizes the commercial potential of organic coffee (Kampala recently hosted the 3rd IFOAM organic coffee conference). In general however, the potential of organic approaches, even those geared to premium export markets, has not yet been recognized by the majority of African governments. In consequence the organic sector in most African countries is reliant upon both foreign standards and certifying bodies. This is a major constraint on the development of the organic sector, creating a “chicken and egg” situation, where the market does not develop because the necessary infrastructure is not in place, and the infrastructure is not there because the market is inadequately developed. The Swedish Development Agency, SIDA, is currently funding a program to develop local certification and inspection capacity in South and Eastern Africa (covering Uganda, Tanzania, Zambia and Kenya). The absence of local certification and inspection capacity is a critical bottleneck that needs to be overcome in order to develop the potential of African organic exports. 12.5 Innovations in Agroecology In many countries improved organic farming methods are being developed and disseminated as part of broader packages for sustaining livelihoods. This process is mainly led by the civic sector. Indigenous NGOs, and farmers‘ groups are particularly active in this field in Ghana, Kenya,
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16 Organic Farming in Latin America
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18 Organic farming in North America
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19 Achievements made and challenges
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20 Contact BioFach, organized by N
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Appendix Moldova, Portugal, Sloveni
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