the world of organic agriculture - Organic Eprints

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9 Standards and Regulations In 2002, an International Task Force on Harmonization of UNCTAD, FAO and IFOAM initiated efforts to harmonize organic standards and regulations. This partnership between the private organic community and the United Nations offers a forum for public and private discussions and aims to initiate the development of a constructive and effective partnership between the private and the public sector. 9.4 Relationship to Fair Trade Many producer associations in the emerging markets and markets in transition conform to the requirements of the Fair Trade organizations, e.g. FLO (Fair Trade Labeling Organization International), Transfair, Max Havelaar and World Shops (Weltlaeden). Having a Fair Trade label does not necessarily mean, however, that the products can also be sold as ‚organic‘. In order to use and communicate the term “organic”, the project must be subject to accredited organic inspection procedures. IFOAM maintains close contacts with FLO and its members, since a large number of projects conform to the standards of both organizations. The combination of ‚organic‘ and ‚fair trade‘ labeling can enhance a product‘s market prospects. Additional information and regulations can be downloaded at www.flo-international.org. 9.5 Literature Commins, Ken (2003): Overview of current status of standards and conformity assessment systems, Discussion Paper from the International Task Force on Harmonization, October 2003 European Commission, Directorate-General for Agriculture (2001): „Organic farming - Guide to Community rules“, Brussels, 2001, Available at http://europa.eu.int/comm/agriculture/qual/organic/brochure/abio_en.pdf IFOAM Conference on Organic Guarantee Systems, Conference Conclusions, February 2002 Kilcher Lukas et al (2004): The Market for Organic Food and Beverages in Switzerland and the European Union. Overview and market access information, pp 156, Forschungsinstitut fuer biologischen Landbau (FiBL) und Swiss Import Promotion Program (SIPPO), Second Edition Frick/Zuerich January 2004, ISBN 3-906081- 03-06 83
10 Certification and Accreditation 10.1 Accreditation Gerald A. Herrmann 1 Organic Agriculture is based on the commitment of farmers and processors to work according to set standards and regulations that define the organic production system. Furthermore, organic agriculture is based on transparency to make the production system comprehensive and reliable and finally organic agriculture needs the consumer confidence for market development. Seen in this context, certification and accreditation systems are primarily serving as tools to enhance trade, market development and foster confidence. Accreditation and certification mechanisms are developing rapidly. There are almost no areas of human life or technology where regulations or norms have not yet been developed and introduced. With regard to food, organic food production and processing set the precedents for the conventional industry. Whereas private (farmer) organizations developed the standards for organic production, inspection and certification in the 1980s, the first governments took over this task at the beginning of the 1990s. Although they took on the task of defining the rules as a sovereign right, they did not necessarily become involved in the implementation of these rules at all levels. Codex Alimentarius, with its organic chapter, defines the common international framework for governments (see corresponding chapter in this book). Regulations like the EU or US law were passed and implemented at governmental or supra-governmental level. State governments added specific requirements. The private sector standards are based on the IFOAM Basic Standards, which were and still are reference for governmental regulations as well as Codex Alimentarius. Today about 60 countries have already regulated organic agriculture with national standards and further requirements regulating recognition of inspection bodies and some defining inspection procedures as well. The major consuming and importing markets like Europe, the USA and Japan are leading, but countries like India, China and Brazil are following this path. Inspection and certification is accredited or at least supervised by government authorities as defined in the regulations, even though the systems being implemented might be quite different. Control and supervision 1 Gerald A. Herrmann, Organic Services, Landsberger Str. 527, D - 81241 München, Internet http://www.organic-services.com/. Gerald A. Herrmann is the President of IFOAM. 84
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16 Organic Farming in Latin America
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18 Organic farming in North America
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19 Achievements made and challenges
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Appendix Moldova, Portugal, Sloveni
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