the world of organic agriculture - Organic Eprints

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7 Crop Information and Statistics 5000 and 6000 metric tons 6 of organic milds; about 2’000 tons of organic natural arabica are being produced in Ethiopia, Tanzania and Uganda. The last two countries and Madagascar produce between 1000 and 1’500 tons of organic robustas. In Asia, according to the last organic coffee conference held in Uganda in 2004, East Timor is the largest producer, with 9’000 metric tons of organic green coffee, although it only sells 2000 tons as organic. Unfortunately, data on organic certified land area was not available for this country or for other important countries like Vietnam or Papua New Guinea that produce organic milds in Asia. According to this survey, Indonesia is the world’s third largest organic coffee producer, however, the figure is quite old (1998). Concerning the robustas, India is the main organic producer in Asia with an estimated 500 tons in 2004 (CIMS). The strengths and the weaknesses of organic coffee production were discussed in the last IFOAM Organic Coffee Conference held in Uganda in October 2004. As the participants pointed out, organic coffee production has a lot of opportunities ahead. Its cultivation includes valuable environmental and social services that consumers are ready to pay for. However, organic coffee cannot completely solve the problems of the general crises in the coffee market, and there are still a lot of problems to be solved. The most important ones were discussed in Uganda, and included amongst others, the lack of harmonization in the organic certification sector; the need for an increased share of the coffee price going to the producers; and the threat that policies promoting practices contrary to organic such as genetic engineering (GMOs) and pesticides involve. Websites • Fair-trade Labeling Organization International. Homepage: www.fairtrade.net/index. html • International Coffee Organization. www.ico.org Bibliography Kilcher et al. 2002. Organic Coffee, cocoa and tea. Market, certification and production information for producers and international trading companies. Switzerland. Proceedings of the Third International IFOAM Organic Coffee Conference. Kampala, Uganda. October 6-8, 2004. Organized by the Uganda Coffee Development Authority and endorsed by the International Coffee Organization (ICO). Introduction to the First Regional Round Table on Sustainable Organic and Specialty Coffee, Production Processing and Marketing. By K.R. Chapman, Plant Production Officer (Industrial Crops) FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok. Thailand http://www.fao.org/organicag/doc/organic_coffee.htm 6 CIMS estimations, 2004. 3rd International IFOAM Organic Coffee Conference. Uganda, 2004. 57
7.3 Organic Cocoa Production Salvador Garibay 7 58 The World of Organic Agriculture 2006 The natural habitat of cocoa plants (Theobroma cacao) is the tropical rainforest where it predominantly occurs in alluvial forests. Cocoa is native of Central America and South America. With a height of up to ca. nine meters the cocoa is a small under story tree of the primary forest and is associated with a vast mixture of tree species providing a stratified forest structure. Three groups of cocoa can be distinguished, each with several varieties: • Forastero: is the most widely cocoa grown (approximately 80 percent of the total area under cocoa). It origin is in the Amazon region. Forastero qualities have high yields but weak taste. • Criollo: Its origin is probably in Venezuela, Ecuador and Mexico (approximately 3 percent of the total area under cocoa). Criollo cacao has a strong fine flavor and highest cocoa quality, but yields are low, and therefore it is rarely cultivated. It is demanding in its habitat requirements but also susceptible to diseases. • Trinitario: is a hybrid between the Forastero and Criollo types. It is hardier and higher yielding than Criollo. It has a share of roughly 10 to 15 percent of the total world production of Cacao. Global Cocoa Production The main cocoa producers are Africa (69 percent of the global production), America, Asia and Oceania (18 percent) and America (13 percent). Mainly small farmers with less than 5 hectares carry out almost 90 percent of the cacao production. The global production of cacao is about 2.7 million tons annually. The buyers of cocoa beans in the consuming countries are the processors and the chocolate manufacturers. A few multinational companies dominate both processing and chocolate manufacturing (Barry Callebaut AG, Ferrero, Altria Group, Nestle, Storck, Alfred Ritter, Mars, Krüger). The bulk of imported cocoa goes from processing firms via sellers to the organic food trade and shops. Although supermarkets have sold little organic chocolate so far, there is interest among some. In the early 1990s, small companies focusing on a niche produced certified organic chocolate, and the products were sold primarily in health-food stores or specialty shops. Today, supermarkets also sell organic chocolates, but production is still dominated by relatively small and medium-sized chocolate manufacturers with unique brands. The European Market In Europe, the reported imports of organic cocoa were about 14’000 tons during 2003. European traders consider the current potential demand for organic cocoa as good; even though of an oversupply exists; the reason for this being that the industry and supermarkets are interested in both organic and fair trade cacao. The supermarkets are playing an important role in the promotion of organic chocolate. Under these circumstances, some large and traditional manufacturers of well-known branded products in Europe are just starting to enter the organic 7 Dr. Salvador Garibay, Department of International Cooperation, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL, Ackerstrasse, 5070 Frick, Internet http://www.fibl.org/english/cooperation/index.php and http://www.fibl.net/fibl/team/ garibay-salvador.php
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16 Organic Farming in Latin America
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18 Organic farming in North America
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19 Achievements made and challenges
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Appendix Moldova, Portugal, Sloveni
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