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3 Contacts and Data Sources Mediterranean region includes the countries and territories bordering the Mediterranean Sea like Portugal, Jordan and Macedonia. For the purpose of analysis continents will occasionally bring the countries together: the northern Mediterranean countries (NMC) in Europe, and the southern and eastern countries (SEMC) of Africa and Asia. Other groupings will be used if necessary. For example Malta and Cyprus will be called Islands in order to differentiate them from the riparian countries of the EU before its enlargement in 2004. 17.2 Historical Development and Statistics Some foreign private companies looking for new investment opportunities introduced organic agriculture in the Mediterranean more than 20 years ago. In fact, first pioneer experiences were made in Egypt (1977) where a biodynamic farm called Sekem of about 70 hectares was created in the desert where medicinal plants and aromatic herbs are grown (Abou Hadid, 2001). In the 1980s, the Israeli Bio Organic Agriculture Association (IBOAA) was established by some organic farmers after ten years of unsuccessful attempts and was behind the development of the sector in Israel (Eshel and Rilov, 2004). In the same decade, private initiatives were developed in Tunisia and in Morocco and organic farming developed in Turkey as a consequence of the growing market in Europe (Aksoy, 2002). In 1990, climatic similarities and common crop patterns deviating partially from the northern European countries lead to the formation of a Mediterranean group on organic agriculture called AgriBioMediterraneo. After successive annual meetings the group established the IFOAM Mediterranean group in 1997 with its secretariat at the Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Bari (Italy). In the last decade the organic movement has further developed, and by now it involves quite all the Mediterranean countries. However, one of the major weaknesses of the Mediterranean organic agriculture is still the lack of statistics. In fact, it is not easy to find reliable data on the present state and spread of organic agriculture in the Mediterranean. In order to respond to the growing information needs on organic agriculture in the Mediterranean area and to start monitoring the growth trend of this sector, the Italian offshoot of the International Center for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies (CIHEAM-IAMB) 3 started up in 1999 a Network (MOAN). Its main objective is the further strengthening of organic agriculture in the Mediterranean, the primary activity being the collection of data on the current state of organic agriculture in all the Mediterranean countries where statistics monitoring the growth trend of this sector are lacking and where a real need for information on the situation of organic agriculture really exists. A two-yearly report is published. The last edition is downloadable at the 3 International Centre for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies (CIHEAM-IAMB) www.iamb.it 177
178 Statistics and Emerging Trends 2006 IAMB homepage 4 . In the Mediterranean region there are about 3.2 million hectares organically managed by almost 100’000 farms (Al-Bitar 2004). Apart from the EU-Mediterranean countries that occupy almost the 83 percent of the total area with Italy at the first place, Serbia and Montenegro, Tunisia and Turkey are the most advanced among the other countries with respectively the 36.5, 29 and 18.5 percent. 17.3 Market Organic products are being increasingly traded internationally. The market share is still modest but trends indicate that there is an enormous potential for expansion. The market differs markedly from country to country in the Mediterranean, but, generally, in the absence of local markets and of national labeling systems in most of the southern and eastern Mediterranean countries (SEMC), organic food is primarily oriented towards export. 85 percent of the produce is destined to foreign markets such as the European Union, USA, Japan and the Gulf area. Exports include mainly products which cannot be grown locally, such as spices, medicinal plants, olive oil, tropical fruits, vegetables and citrus. Other than what has occurred in most parts of Europe, the development of organic farming in the Mediterranean is taking place primarily for market reasons, stimulated by the high demand for products from the foreign markets. In fact, the major organic holdings are owned or “controlled” by large firms or foreign multinationals that, of course, produce to export without triggering local development. However, the development of the domestic market is developing, though at a decidedly staggering pace. In fact, in many of the Mediterranean countries health or specialized shops are being opened, and some supermarkets started to introduce organic shelves. Furthermore, local fairs where organic farmers may sell directly their products are increasing in number. Nevertheless, in many other cases, organic products are sold as conventional or as typical products because of difficulty of marketing. A country-based analysis highlighted a flurry of interest for organics among producers who have realized the promising marketing opportunities on the leading markets. An increasing interest in organic products is also sweeping among consumers across the Mediterranean countries where it is safe to expect a local market boom. In Egypt, organic certification schemes were first introduced twenty years ago to meet the requirements of foreign importers of medicinal plants. The lack of a national regulation has not hampered marketing as foreign certifying bodies from the importing countries issue certificates. 4 Report on Organic Farming in the Mediterranean Countries; available at http://www.iamb.it/publications/organic_agriculture/oa_studies_and_research/options%20B50.pdf
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16 Organic Farming in Latin America
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10 Certification and Accreditation
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