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15 Organic Farming in Europe In the European Union (EU) more than 5.8 million hectares are managed organically by almost 140’000 farms. This constitutes 3.4 percent of the agricultural area and 1.5 percent of the farms in the EU. The increase in the European Union compared to the previous year is mainly due to high growth rates in the new member states (for instance Lithuania: + 100 percent, Poland + 60 percent). The area under organic management is in most cases, however, not as high as in the countries of the “old” European Union. The Czech Republic, though, has converted more than six percent of its agricultural land, which is a higher percentage than Germany has. But also in other countries like Portugal, Austria Germany, Greece the organic land area increased. Compared to the previous year in the EU there has been a drop in the number of organic farms, due to the decrease of the number of farms and land under organic management in Italy. Graph 13: Development of organic farming in the European Union 1985-2004. From 2003 the New Member States are included (accession May 2004) Sources: Welsh Institute of Rural Sciences, UK-Aberystwyth, SOEL, D-Bad Dürkheim, FiBL, CH-Frick The difference between individual countries regarding the importance of organic farming is substantial. More than 13 percent of agricultural land is organic in Austria, more than 11 percent in Switzerland, around seven percent in Finland, Italy and Sweden. Some countries have yet to reach one percent. The country with the highest number of farms and the biggest organic land area is Italy. Almost one fifth of the EU’s organic land and almost a quarter of its organic farms are located here. According to the FiBL survey 2005 /2006 in Europe the organic agricultural land (6.5 million hectares) is mainly used for arable cropping (42 percent of organic land) and for permanent pastures (45 percent). Permanent crops amount for seven percent of the land. Only for six percent of the organic land no information on the main land use categories was available. 131
Table 30: Europe: Main land use categories arable land (ha) 132 share of arable crops of total organic land permanent crops (ha) share of permanent crops of total organic land permanentpastures (ha) share of permanent pastures of total organic land The World of Organic Agriculture 2006 certified land, use not known (ha) share of land with unknown use of total organic land total land under organic management (ha) 2‘700‘273 42 % 472‘612 7 % 2‘916‘479 45 % 411‘001 6 % 6‘500‘365 Source: FiBL-Survey 2005/ 2006 On a European level, crops are not known for a large part of the arable land . Cereals and fodder crops play the most important role, however. Among the permanent crops olives, fruits and nuts and grapes are the most important categories. For the European Union a similar picture emerges. Data collection and processing in Europe still suffers from a lack of standardization (Rippin et al. 2006; Recke et al. 2004), but basic production data are now available from several sources, and the situation is getting increasingly better. Eurostat, the statistical office of the European Union, is now making the data collected from the organic inspection bodies including land use information available at its homepage via a database, and it provides extensive reports. A lot of the European data provided here are based in the Eurostat information. The Institute of Rural Sciences at the University of Wales provides historical figures as well as detailed analyses, and a complete overview of the statistical development of the organic sector since the 1990s is available at its homepage. The Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL makes the latest data (not consolidated) available at its homepage 1 . 15.1.2 Policy Support Support for organic farming in the European Union includes support under the European Union’s rural development program2 , the introduction of the EU regulation on organic farming since 19923 and the launch of the European Action Plan on Organic Food and Farming in June 20044 . Information on recent developments on the EU regulation 2092/91 and the Action Plan is available at the market section of this chapter. 1 Information and links to all these information resources are available via http://www.organic-europe.net/europe_eu/ statistics.asp 2 Council Regulation (EC) No 1257/1999 of 17 May 1999 on support for rural development from the European Agricultural Guidance and Guarantee Fund (EAGGF) and amending and repealing certain Regulations; available at http://europa. eu.int/comm/agriculture/rur/leg/index_en.htm 3 Council Regulation (EEC) No 2092/91 of 24 June 1991 on organic production of agricultural products and indications referring thereto on agricultural products and foodstuffs; available via http://www.organic-europe.net/europe_eu/default. asp#2092 4 Information on the European Action plan is available at http://europa.eu.int/comm/agriculture/qual/organic/plan/index_en.htm and at http://www.organic-europe.net/.
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Appendix Moldova, Portugal, Sloveni
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