the world of organic agriculture - Organic Eprints

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16 Organic Farming in Latin America from many countries got together in the “1st IFOAM Seminar on Social Responsibility in Organic Agriculture”, in Cochabamba, Bolivia, to discuss the details of Social Standards and Codes of Conduct. The Social Accountability in Sustainable Agriculture (SASA) project, carried out by IFOAM and others to evaluate joint social and ecological certification, has been working in the area. Many producers in Latin America (mostly coffee) have double certification, organic and fair trade, to allow for better prices and market access. 16.5 Governmental Support No Latin American country has subsidies or economic support for organic production. The bright exception is Brazil, where the government recently issued an inter-ministerial Pro Organico (Programa de Agricultura Organica) plan, officially stimulating organic production, research, association building, marketing and trade. Costa Rica and some others have official funding for research and teaching, Argentina and Chile have had official export agencies helping producers get to the international fairs and printing product catalogues, and in Mexico there is growing interest by national and state agencies, for example in the state of Jalisco. But in general the organic movement in Latin America has grown by its own forces, with some seed funding for extension and association building by international aid agencies, especially from Germany, the Netherlands and Switzerland. Buying companies and fair trade agencies, focusing especially on some basic products like coffee, bananas, orange juice and cocoa has stimulated international trade. In the State of Paraná, in the south of Brazil, the big bi-national organization that runs the gigantic Itaipú dam, has decided to manage the Parana river basin ecologically, generating an enormous project involving thousands of towns and villages in recycling, resource management, environmental education and organic agriculture. They call it Projeto Agua Boa (Good Water Project). 16.6 Education and Extension Latin America has a great deal of activity in education relating to organic agriculture. Many universities and agricultural organizations carry teaching courses and on farm experimenting projects. Cuba had a very developed teaching and research project carried by the Cuban Association of Organic Agriculture ACAO, and the Brazilian Instituto Biodinamico has done a very systematic work on farm production. Agruco and Agrecol have done a lot of extension work over the years, leading to a strong support for food security and farmers knowledge, especially in the Andean region. Some agricultural universities carry organic production courses, like the La Molina in Perú, Las Villas in Cuba and Chapingo in México. In October 2004, the Catholic University of Argentina started a degree course on Organic Company Management. 159
160 The World of Organic Agriculture 2006 The Agroecological Movement of Latin America and the Caribbean MAELA, an international movement linking around 80 groups in many countries, has done for many years extension work with the small farmers of all the continent, specially focused on self sufficiency and associative skills. The Latin American Center of Sustainable Development CLADES, lead by Miguel Altieri and Andres Yurcevic, has built a very thorough body of knowledge and experience around agroecology and biodiversity issues, connecting universities (specially in the United States) with farmer groups and extension agencies, publishing very complete studies and giving lectures in all countries. Miguel Altieri is probably the most articulate spokesman of organic farming in the region, and his books, read worldwide, have been used for courses in the continent for decades. IFOAM, representing all, has been supporting and aiding all this spreading of organic projects through the region, and bonding different sides of the movement through big events like the Sao Pablo Scientific Conference in 1992 and the Mar del Plata Scientific Conference in 1998, both big international gatherings taking place in the area, and the Latin American IFOAM Local Markets Conference in Buenos Aires, June 2000. Latin America, one of the biodiversity reservoirs of the world, is just beginning to take conscience of the enormous possibilities of organic agriculture. It has the farming traditions, the fertile lands and the varied climatic zones that allow it to produce almost anything in an ecological way, helping the much-needed greening of the planet. 16.7 Latin America: Country Reports Alberto Pipo Lernoud and Marcela Piovano 16.7.1 Argentina Argentina had 3’192’000 certified hectares in 2000, and has 2.8 million hectares in 2005, a decrease caused by the de-certification of big livestock certified areas, due to changes in the organic meat market. A high percentage of the certified land is devoted to livestock production, especially sheep production in big farms in the slopes of the southern states, in Patagonia. Arable and permanent crop production uses 255’000 hectares, and the rest is for wild collection. 72 percent of the organic land is in Patagonia, owned by only four percent of the organic farmers in the country. On the other end, around a third of the farms (606) are located in one area, the Misiones Province in the north. These are small farmers organized in associations, producing sugar and mate tea. The total number of farms in Argentina 2005 is 1’824. 90 percent of the organic production in Argentina is for export, mainly to the European Union and USA. The biggest exports are cereals and oilseeds: corn, wheat, soy, and sunflower. Fruits are also exported in big quantities: pears, apples, oranges and lemons. Some vegetables, especially garlic, onions, and beans are also exported. There is also a growing sector of aromatic and medicinal plants. On the processed side, olive oil, sugar, concentrated juices; honey and wine are quite successful
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10 Certification and Accreditation
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11 The Contribution of Organic Farm
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12.1 Introduction There are two lev
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Appendix Moldova, Portugal, Sloveni
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