the world of organic agriculture - Organic Eprints

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16 Organic Farming in Latin America areas in the supermarkets (Isla Ecológica). This channels move around 0.5 million USD 6 yearly. There is a growing tendency to sell through the supermarkets. The main products sold on the domestic market are: Vegetables (43 percent), fruits (41 percent), beans (9 percent) and roots crops: potatoes and sweet potatoes (seven percent). There is a local certification agency, Inka Cert, which together with other Latin American certifiers formed Bio Latina, accepted by the EU. The inspection bodies SKAL, IMO and SGS Peru have offices in Lima. Since 1998 there has been a National Commission on Organic Production, CONAPO, which unites private sector, scientists and the governmental sector. In 2003, after a very long consensus process, the National Regulation was put in place. In research, there is a lot of activity in the small farmers’ movement, through the technologies defined as DPT (Participatory Development of Technologies), co-coordinated by the NGO’s Network of Organic Agriculture RAE, Centro IDEAS and the Peruvian Organic Producers Association ANPEP. There is also a widely extended capacity building through the farmer-tofarmer system. On the formal side, the Agrarian University of La Molina has for long been a center of organic studies and education. 16.7.9 Uruguay Uruguay had 760’000 certified hectares in 2004, a stunning growth from the 1’200 reported in 2000. There are 500 organic farms. 99 percent of the area is destined to meat for exports, representing a big part of the value of Uruguayan organic exports, approximately 900’000 USD 7 in 2004. Other exports are wines, (with 140’000 USD 8 ), honey (with 300’000 USD 9 ), rice, milk and citrus fruits. During 2004, the estimated export volume was 2.5 million USD 10 , and the internal market 1.1 million USD 11 . The domestic market is small, happening mainly through supermarkets (58 percent), home deliveries (25 percent), farmers markets (10 percent) and on-farm sales (7 percent). A weekly organic fair is taking place in Montevideo, organized by the Small Producers Association APODU (Asociación de Productores Orgánicos del Uruguay). Organic production in Uruguay is regulated by a decree from the Minister of Agriculture No. 360/992. The newly founded umbrella organization, the Uruguayan Organic Movement MUO (Movimiento Uruguay Orgánico), is working with the government in the details of a future legal 6 0.5 million USD = 0.4million EUR (per 31.12.2005) 7 900’000 USD = 743’846 EUR (per 31.12.2005) 8 140’000 USD = 115’709 EUR (per 31.12.2005) 9 300’000 USD = 247’903 EUR (per 31.12.2005) 10 2.5 million USD = 2.1 million EUR (per 31.12.2005) 11 1.1 million USD = 0.9 million EUR (per 31.12.2005) 167
168 The World of Organic Agriculture 2006 structure. The National Institute of Agrarian Research INIA, is carrying a research in organic meat. 16.8 Success Stories Alberto Pipo Lernoud and Marcela Piovano 16.8.1 Cuba: Urban Agriculture in Cuba Cuba is perhaps the best example of the possibility of feeding large populations with organic products at low cost. Due to the crisis in the Soviet Block in the 1980s, Cuba was unable to buy agrochemical inputs for its highly centralized, input dependent agriculture. By 1990, Cuba had lost 85 percent of its imports. So the new policy was to lower the need of inputs and oil and turn the farms into self-reliant units, recycling fertility and controlling pests with organic methods. Almost fifteen years later, Cuba is probably the biggest producer of organic vegetables in the world, and most of it is done in small urban plots with a highly diversified output and a massive network of simple laboratories that develop highly sophisticated biological pest control products at very low prices. Due to the poor quality of the soil, all urban agriculture is done in closed raised beds or containers, filled with organic matter and soil mix, usually brought from outside the city. Many gardeners combine compost and soil, and others mix cachaza, the waste product from sugar cane. The cultivation methods are based on the principles of organic agriculture. Each organoponico has an area that is dedicated to the production of worm humus. As horses and animal power in general have had an impressive resurgence in Cuba due to the limited access to oil, there is lots of manure available. In the municipality of Cienfuegos there are approximately 102 organoponicos (urban plots with vegetables), 63 are semi-private and 39 are managed by state enterprises. Cienfuegos, which is considered the “capital of urban agriculture in Cuba” produces almost 100 grams of fresh vegetable per capita per day. 16.8.2 Bioferia in Lima, Perú The Bioferia in Miraflores, a neighborhood in Lima, Perú, started on December the 4th 1999. It was organized with the help of the municipality. Since then, it is carried every Saturday in Reducto Park from 8 a.m. to 2 p.m. It spans for almost a block (100 meters) in the quietest edge of the Park. 70 percent of the fair participants are “productores del campo” (farmers), representing more than 300 farmers from Piura, Cajamarca, Huañaco, Pasco, Junin; Huancavelco, Ico, Arequipa, Cusco, Madre de Dios and Lima. There are more than 350 food products, including fruits, vegetables, breads, jams, coffee, milk products from cows & goats, chicken, eggs, seeds, etc. All producers and processors are certified. Every producer must fill a document that states the offered products & prices.
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Page 212 and 213: Appendix Moldova, Portugal, Sloveni
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