Civil engineer guide to fighting positions, shelters, obstacles

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AFH 10-222 Volume 14 1 August 2008 140 A2.2.2. Concrete. Steel reinforced concrete provides excellent protection against direct fire, indirect fire, and fragmentation. However, placement of concrete structures is important, as they are subject to fail when a large detonation occurs nearby and can themselves become secondary fragmentation. A2.2.3. Steel. Steel provides excellent protection against fragmentation resulting from direct- and indirect-fired weapons. Obstacles made from steel can be effectively utilized to resist the effects of many types of weapons. A2.2.4. Rocks. Rocks can be effective against direct and indirect fire and fragmentation. Hard rocks can deform, stop, or deflect projectiles. Small rocks and gravel can be used similar to soil and is less susceptible to moisture. A disadvantage of using rocks is that they can become weakened after multiple hits or become projectiles if dislodged by blast or upon impact. A2.2.5. Brick and Masonry. Brick and masonry have similar characteristics of rocks against penetration and fragmentation effects. However, unreinforced brick and masonry do not afford the same protection as concrete because of less density. A2.2.6. Snow and Ice. Snow and ice may be the only material available at some locations and may be effective against small caliber weapons and nearby blast when used in mass or in combination with frozen soil. A2.2.7. Lumber and Timber. Wood (e.g., lumber, plywood, timber) has limited value in stopping projectiles or fragments due to its low density. This material needs to be very thick to stop small caliber and anti-tank weapons. A2.2.8. Miscellaneous Materials. If available, miscellaneous materials, such as landing mats, cargo pallets, steel containers, and culverts provide some degree of protection from penetrating projectiles and fragmentation effects. A2.3. Expedient Materials for Protection Against Explosions. Table A2.1, extracted from FM 5-103, contains thicknesses of materials needed to provide adequate protection from nearby explosions. In some cases, engineers must use whatever materials are available at the site to devise and construct structures needed to contain these shielding materials.
AFH 10-222 Volume 14 1 August 2008 141 Table A2.1. Material Thickness for Protection Against Explosions (50 feet away). Thickness of Material (Inches) 82 mm Mortar Rocket HE Shell Bomb 120 mm 122 mm 122 mm 152 Mm 100 lbs 250 lbs 500 lbs 1,000 lbs Brick Masonry Non- 4 6 6 Solid Walls 6 8 8 10 13 17 reinforced Concrete 4 5 5 5 6 8 10 15 18 Reinforced Concrete 3 4 4 4 5 7 9 12 15 Lumber 8 12 12 12 14 15 18 24 30 Structurally Supported Material Brick Rubble 9 12 12 12 12 18 24 28 30 Soil* Gravel and 12 12 12 12 16 24 30 NR NR Crushed Stone 9 12 12 12 Sandbags 12 18 24 28 30 Brick Rubble 10 18 18 18 20 20 20 30 40 Dry Clay* Gravel and 10 18 18 18 20 30 40 40 50 Small Stones 10 18 18 18 20 20 20 30 40 Dry Sand* 8 16 16 16 18 30 30 40 40 Loose Parapets Dry Clay* 12 20 20 20 30 36 48 60 NR Dry Sand* 10 18 18 18 Snow 24 24 36 36 48 Tamped 60 60 60 60 60 NR NR NR NR Unpacked 60 60 60 60 Notes 60 NR NR NR NR * Double the thickness when material is wet NR = material is not recommended
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AIR FORCE HANDBOOK 10-222, VOLUME 1
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Civil engineer guide to fighting positions, shelters, obstacles

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