Civil engineer guide to fighting positions, shelters, obstacles

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AFH 10-222 Volume 14 1 August 2008 56 3.2.2. Corrugated Metal Culvert Shelter. Aboveground metal culvert shelters can be constructed in areas where personnel are billeted or work in nonprotected buildings or expeditionary structures and need shelter in the event of an attack (Figure 3.2). Covered with earth (18 to 24 inches), these structures can provide a significant amount of protection. However, do not to use the top of these types of structures to support overhead cover without first reinforcing the base of the structure. Use lumber, timber, berms, revetments, or other expedient means of supporting the overhead cover. The shelter is 6 feet high and consists of two rows of 55-gallon drums with about a 4-foot span between rows. Two- by four-inch studs measuring 4 inches higher than the drums are centered inside each drum. The drums are then filled with soil. A 2- by 8-inch top plate is connected to the 2- by 4-inch studs lengthwise through the bunker. The corrugated metal pipe halves are bolted together and connected to the top plates. A 2-foot layer of sandbags is placed along each row of drums. To protect the ends of the bunker, erect barrier walls 2 feet beyond the entrances. Additional protection is provided on the sides and ends by increasing sandbag thickness. This shelter provides protection against mortars and small caliber weapons. Figure 3.2. Corrugated Metal Culvert Shelter.
AFH 10-222 Volume 14 1 August 2008 57 3.2.3. Fighting Bunker With Overhead Cover. It is impractical to place enough earth cover on a structure to protect it against all weapons. However, by combining materials and using them in layers, protection is provided with less excavation and effort. The designs illustrated in Figure 3.3 through Figure 3.5 use five 2-inch or seven 1-inch layers of lumber as the base support for the roof. Layers of materials are placed on the base in sequence to provide overhead protection. Table 3.1 and Table 3.2 contain a bill of materials and required stringer thickness based on the thickness of earth cover for this design. These different layers are described in the following paragraphs. 3.2.3.1. Dust-Proof Layer. Tar paper, canvas, or tarpaulins are lapped and placed on top of the base of the roof to keep out dust and dirt. 3.2.3.2. Cushion layer. The cushion layer is intended to absorb the shock of detonation or penetration. Untamped earth is the best material for this purpose and should be at least 12 inches thick. Materials such as loose gravel transmit shock to the layer below and should not be used in the cushion layer. This layer extends on all sides for a distance equal to the depth of the shelter floor below the ground surface, or to a minimum of 5 feet. 3.2.3.3. Waterproof Layer. The waterproof layer is constructed of the same or similar materials as the dust-proof layer. It is intended to keep moisture from the cushion layer in order to retain the cushioning effect of the soft, dry earth and minimize the dead load the structure must carry. 3.2.3.4. Burster Layer. The burster layer is intended to cause a projectile to detonate before it can penetrate into the lower layers. This layer is made of 6 to 8 inches of rocks placed in two layers with the joints broken. It should be at least 12 inches thick. Irregular-shaped rocks are more effective for this purpose than flat rocks because they can change a projectile’s angle of penetration. If rocks are not available, 8-inch logs can be used. They must be wired tightly together in two layers. The burster layer should extend on each side of the shelter a minimum of 6 feet. Lastly, cover the burster layer with two inches of untamped earth or sod as a camouflage layer.
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