Civil engineer guide to fighting positions, shelters, obstacles

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AFH 10-222 Volume 14 1 August 2008 38 2.5.1.9. Concealment and Camouflage. The most important consideration in constructing fighting positions is making sure they cannot be detected. After overhead cover is constructed, use concealment and camouflage techniques to make the position undetectable. Concealment is anything that hides the fighting position from enemy observation. It may be natural material (i.e., bushes, leaves, grass, etc.) or artificial material (i.e., burlap, nets, etc.). If possible, locate fighting positions where natural cover, such as bushes, tall grass, trees, logs, stumps, mountainous terrain, or large rocks can help to conceal them. Take advantage of natural cover (i.e., wooded areas, hills, rock formations) for concealment, and cover shiny objects such as watches, compasses, and bayonets. Camouflage is used to blend the position with the surrounding terrain. The key to camouflaging fighting positions is to alter the appearance of the asset being protected in a manner where it becomes part of the background. Camouflage also makes use of natural and manmade material. Study the terrain and vegetation of the area. Natural cover could include materials such as trees, brush, grass, leaves, rocks, or boulders. When using natural cover for concealment, be careful not to disturb the look of the natural surroundings – use materials commonly found in the area where an asset is to be concealed. If vegetation/foliage is used to camouflage a position, it must be replaced before it dries and turns colors, making the position stand out in its surroundings. Since fresh soil can be used to detect a fighting position, it must be disposed of far away from the position. Be careful not to leave tracks leading to or from the position. Do not use too much material; this could make the position stand out from its surroundings. Once the position is completed, inspect it from the enemy's viewpoint. As a final test of camouflage and concealment efforts, mark off 35 meters (38 yards) in the direction of the enemy and look back at the position to determine if it is undetectable and blends in with the surrounding area.
AFH 10-222 Volume 14 1 August 2008 39 2.5.2. Two-Person Deliberate Fighting Position. Two-person deliberate fighting positions are most common. Basic requirements for these positions are essentially the same as those for one-person fighting positions with key differences. Although this position is preferred, it is not without drawbacks. Two-person fighting positions require more digging and prove difficult to camouflage. It also provides a better target for grenades because the excavation is larger. Typical combat gear such as the M-16 rifle and helmet can be used to measure dimensions (Figure 2.12). For example, the length of a twoperson fighting position can be measured using two M-16 rifles (approximately 6 feet and 6 inches). The width can be measured with two helmets (approximately 2 feet). The following paragraphs describe details for constructing two-person fighting positions. Figure 2.12. Two-Person Deliberate Fighting Position. 2.5.2.1. Sectors of Fire. Unlike the one-person deliberate fighting position, the two-person fighting position involves two fields of fire. Fighters occupy opposite ends of the position after being assigned specific sectors of fire. This is referred to as clearing primary and secondary fields of fire. 2.5.2.2. Aiming and Sector Stakes. Place sector stakes and aiming stakes (if needed) at both ends of the fighting position to help stabilize the weapon during firing and assist in targeting when visibility is limited. Position grazing logs or sandbags between the sector stakes for each field of fire.
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Civil engineer guide to fighting positions, shelters, obstacles

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