Civil engineer guide to fighting positions, shelters, obstacles

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AFH 10-222 Volume 14 1 August 2008 32 2.5.1.8. Fighting Position Overhead Protection and Cover. Fighting position overhead protection is used to mitigate the effects of blast and fragmentation from direct- and indirect-fired weapons. Cover provides concealment and protects against weather. Overhead protection and cover are always needed unless it will make the position easy to detect. The following paragraphs cover basic concepts for overhead protection and cover. Attachment 2 contains information on thicknesses for protection against certain weapons. However, always reference FM 5-103, GTA 05-08-001, and GTA 07-06-001, Fighting Position Construction Infantry Leader’s Reference Card. 2.5.1.8.1. Roof Supports. For standard one- and two-person fighting positions, 4-inch x 4-inch x 6-foot lumber or timber equivalents are normally used for roof supports. To form the base structure for overhead cover, logs or lumber 4 to 6 inches in diameter can be used. Table 2.3 compares cut timber to the equivalent size of processed lumber. If logs are used, secure them with stakes approximately 2 to 3 inches in diameter and about 18 inches long. Make sure bearing support beams are properly positioned. Set support logs back a distance equal to approximately 1/4 the depth of the hole and embedded approximately halfway into the ground as illustrated in Figure 2.8. Set overhead cover supports back about 1 foot or 1/4 the depth of the hole. 2.5.1.8.2. Stringers. Stringers are made from solid and sturdy material, such as lumber or timber, and are used to support overhead cover. For standard one- and two-person fighting positions, 4-inch x 4-inch x 8-foot lumber or timber equivalents are normally used and spaced 6 inches on-center. Oncenter spacing is critical to the safety of fighting positions. If stringers are placed too far apart, they will be less capable of carrying the dead weight of overhead cover. Stringer span (the unsupported distance between each end of material used as stringers) is also critical. Table 2.4, extracted from GTA 05- 08-001, can be used to determine span and center-to-center spacing for woodsupporting soil cover to defeat various contact bursts. Figure 2.9 illustrates stringer placement for overhead cover. Ensure stringers are approximately the same size as roof supports, are laid side by side across them, extending at least 1-foot past the supports on each side of the fighting position.
AFH 10-222 Volume 14 1 August 2008 33 Table 2.3. Timber and Processed Lumber Comparison. Cut Timber/Log Diameter Equivalent Size of Processed Lum- (inches) ber (inches) 5 4 x 4 7 6 x 6 8 6 x 8 10 8 x 8 11 8 x 10 12 10 x 10 13 10 x 12 14 12 x 12 Figure 2.8. Placement of Roof Support Logs.
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