Guide to LaTeX (4th Edition) (Tools and Techniques

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14 Chapter 1. Introduction 1.6 T E X processing procedure Since L AT E X is a set of definitions for the T E X program, L AT E X processing itself is in fact T E X processing with the L AT E X format. What T E X does with this is the same as for any other of the many formats available (of which L AT E X is perhaps the most popular). All the typesetting work is done by T E X, while L AT E X handles the conversion from the logical markup to the typesetting commands. It also enables cross-referencing, running headlines, table of contents, literature citations and bibliography, indexing, and more. However, the processing of the source file to final output is T E X’s task, regardless of the format being used. 1.6.1 In the good old days T E X arose over 20 years ago before there were such things as PCs, graphical displays, and before computers were infected with windows or mice. T E X and its support programs were invoked from a command line, not with a mouse click. This may sound very old fashioned, but it did guarantee portability to all computer types. The processing steps that were taken in those days still exist with today’s graphical interfaces, but are now executed more conveniently. One can still open a ‘command prompt window’ and run them from the command line. The first step is of course to use a text editor program to write the source file containing the actual text and markup. The rules for entering this source text are explained in Chapter 2. It goes into a text file, or what is often called an ‘ascii’ file containing only standard punctuation marks, numbers, unaccented letters, upper and lower case. In other words, the text is that which can be produced from a standard English typewriter. The name of the source file normally has the extension.tex; it is then processed by T E X to produce a new file with the same base name and the extension.dvi, for device independent file. This is a binary file (all codes possible, not a text file) containing precise instructions for the selection and placement of every symbol, a coded description of the final printed page. The command to invoke T E X with the source file hi.tex is tex &latex hi meaning run the T E X program with the format latex. Usually the installation has defined a shortcut named latex to do this, so latex hi should be sufficient. It is only necessary to specify the extension of the source file name if it is something other than.tex. During the processing, T E X writes information, warnings, error messages to the computer monitor, and to a transcript file with the extension .log. It is well worth inspecting this file when unexpected results appear.
1.6. T E X processing procedure 15 The final step is to produce the printed pages from the DVI file. This requires another program, a driver, to generate the instructions specific to the given printer. For example, to produce a PostScript file, one runs dvips hi to obtain hi.ps from hi.dvi. And then one sends hi.ps to the PostScript printer with the regular command for that computer system. Previewing the DVI file on a computer monitor before printing was a later development, requiring high quality graphics displays. These programs are essentially special drivers that send the output directly to the monitor rather than to a printer or printer file. One very popular previewer is called with xdvi hi to view hi.dvi before committing it to paper. 1.6.2 And today The various steps for L AT E X processing described above are still necessary today, and one can open up a command prompt window and carry them out just as before. However, there now exist intelligent editors with L AT E Xsavvy that not only assist writing the source text, but also will call the various programs, T E X, previewer, printer driver, BIBT E X, MakeIndex (these are explained later) with a mouse click. One such editor for Windows, available on the enclosed T E XLive CD in the support directory, is called WinShell, written by Ingo H. de Boer (www. winshell.de). Although free of charge, its author appreciates donations to offset his expenses. Another such editor and L AT E X interface is WinEdt by Aleksander Simonic (www.winedt.com). A sample window with the opening text of this chapter is shown in Figure 1.1. This program is available for a 30-day trial period, after which one must pay a nominal fee to obtain a licence. It is the editor that we ourselves use and we can highly recommend it. An alternative is LyX, a free, open source software for document processing in near WYSIWYG, acting as a front-end to L AT E X, where the user need not know anything about L AT E X. See its home page at www.lyx.org. It must be stressed that all the above are interfaces to an existing L AT E X installation. On the other hand, there are also commercial packages which include both the T E X/L AT E X installation and a graphics interface. These are listed in Section B.1.1. 1.6.3 Alternative to T E X: pdfT E X As we mentioned earlier, it is permitted to use the T E X source code to generate something else, as long as it bears another name. One such
Page 1 and 2: A Guide to LAT E X and Electronic P
Page 3: Trademark notices METAFONT is a tra
Page 6 and 7: viii Preface example, the section o
Page 8 and 9: x CONTENTS 4.6 Tabulator stops . .
Page 10 and 11: xii CONTENTS B The L AT E X Clockwo
Page 12 and 13: xiv CONTENTS H.22 A M S Greek and H
Page 15 and 16: 1 1.1 Just what is L AT E X? To sum
Page 17 and 18: He took a {\bf bold step} forward.
Page 19 and 20: 1.3. T E X and its offspring 7 Alth
Page 21 and 22: 1.3. T E X and its offspring 9 Font
Page 23 and 24: 1.5. Basics of a L AT E X file 11 v
Page 25: 1.5. Basics of a L AT E X file 13 c
Page 29 and 30: 2 Text, Symbols, and Commands The t
Page 31 and 32: 2.2. Environments 19 a punctuation
Page 33 and 34: 2.4. Lengths 21 Declarations made w
Page 35 and 36: 2.5. Special characters 23 Instead
Page 37 and 38: 2.5. Special characters 25 which de
Page 39 and 40: 2.5.11 The date 2.6. Exercises 27 T
Page 41 and 42: 2.7. Fine-tuning text 29 simply a s
Page 43 and 44: 2.7. Fine-tuning text 31 Any combin
Page 45 and 46: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip 2.7. F
Page 47 and 48: 2.8. Word division 35 that works (a
Page 49 and 50: 3 3.1 Document class Document Layou
Page 51 and 52: 3.1. Document class 39 pages and on
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Page 55 and 56: The command \thispagestyle{style} 3
Page 57 and 58: 3.2. Page style 45 In many classes,
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4.1. Changing font 65 that a font e
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4.2 Centering and indenting 4.2.1 C
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4.3 Lists 4.3. Lists 69 Exercise 4.
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4.3. Lists 71 The \item[option] com
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4.3. Lists 73 label. For the enumer
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4.4. Generalized lists 75 However,
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4.4. Generalized lists 77 normally
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4.4. Generalized lists 79 item are
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4.6. Tabulator stops 81 which also
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4.6.4 Further tabbing commands 4.6.
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4.7. Boxes 85 tentative 2004 = $100
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4.7. Boxes 87 To make a framed box
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This is a 3.5 cm wide parbox. It is
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4.7. Boxes 91 The optional argument
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4.7. Boxes 93 contents as a unit wi
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4.8. Tables 95 This package also al
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4.8. Tables 97 If the left or right
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4.8. Tables 99 Position Club Games
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4.8. Tables 101 4 & Daysdon Bombers
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4.8. Tables 103 The \raisebox comma
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4.8. Tables 105 terminate the row i
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4.8. Tables 107 Package: The array
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Primary Energy Consumption 4.8. Tab
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4.9. Printing literal text 111 \ver
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4.10. Footnotes and marginal notes
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5 Mathematical Formulas Mathematics
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5.2. Main elements of math mode 121
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5.2.5 Sums and integrals 5.2. Main
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5.3.1 Greek letters 5.3. Mathematic
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5.3. Mathematical symbols 127 < \no
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5.3. Mathematical symbols 129 Some
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5.4. Additional elements 131 articl
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5.4.2 Ordinary text within a formul
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5.4. Additional elements 135 \[ \su
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123 a + b + · · · + y +z
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left formula & mid formula & right
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5.4. Additional elements 141 Exerci
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5.4. Additional elements 143 5.4.9
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5.5 Fine-tuning mathematics 5.5.1 H
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a0 + a1 + 1 a2 + 1 1 a3 + 1 a4 5.5.
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5.5. Fine-tuning mathematics 149 \a
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5.6. Beyond standard L AT E X 151 4
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154 Chapter 6. Graphics Inclusion a
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170 Chapter 7. Floating tables and
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182 Chapter 8. User Customizations
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9 Document Management This chapter
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9.1. Processing parts of a document
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9.1.3 Monitor input and output 9.1.
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9.2 In-text references 9.2. In-text
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9.2. In-text references 215 can be
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9.3. Bibliographies 217 by means of
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9.3. Bibliographies 219 by the last
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\bibitem [short(year)long] {key} .
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9.3. Bibliographies 223 sectionbib
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9.4 Keyword index 9.4. Keyword inde
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9.4. Keyword index 227 An entry may
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9.4. Keyword index 229 number of op
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10 PostScript and PDF PostScript is
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10.1. L AT E X and PostScript 233 A
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10.1. L AT E X and PostScript 235 T
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10.2. Portable Document Format 237
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252 Chapter 11. Multilingual L AT E
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258 Chapter 12. Math Extensions wit
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13 Drawing with LAT E X The inclusi
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13.1. The picture environment 289 w
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Picture boxes—rectangles 13.1. Th
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13.1. The picture environment 293 T
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\vector(∆x,∆y){length} 13.1. Th
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13.1. The picture environment 297 d
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\frame{pic elem} 13.1. The picture
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13.1. The picture environment 301 T
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13.2. Extended pictures 303 \matrix
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13.2. Extended pictures 305 The def
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13.3 Other drawing packages 13.3.1
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14 Bibliographic Databases and BIBT
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14.2. Creating a bibliographic data
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} note = {} 14.3. Customizing bibli
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15 Presentation Material So far we
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as \documentclass{slides} preamble
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15.1. Slide production with SLIT E
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15.1. Slide production with SLIT E
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15.2. Slide production with seminar
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Local configuration 15.2. Slide pro
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15.3. Electronic documents for scre
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15.4. Special effects with PDF 343
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Package: background \Replace pages
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352 Chapter 16. Letters in the prea
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354 Chapter 16. Letters A sample le
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356 Chapter 16. Letters without a c
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358 Chapter 16. Letters properly po
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360 Chapter 16. Letters \DeclareOpt
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362 Chapter 16. Letters {\viiisf\un
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364 Chapter 16. Letters \ifthenelse
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A The New Font Selection Scheme (NF
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A.1. Font attributes under NFSS 369
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A.2. Simplified font selection 371
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A.3.2 Defining font commands A.3. I
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A.3. Installing fonts with NFSS 375
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A.3. Installing fonts with NFSS 377
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\renewcommand{\rmdefault}{ptm} \ren
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B The LAT E X Clockwork In this app
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Figure B.1: The T E XLive welcome B
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B.1. Installing L AT E X 385 fontte
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B.2 Obtaining the Adobe euro fonts
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B.4. The CTAN server 389 dvipdfm (S
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B.5 Additional standard files B.5.
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B.5. Additional standard files 393
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B.5. Additional standard files 395
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B.6. The various L AT E X files 397
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B.6. The various L AT E X files 399
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C Error Messages Errors are bound t
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C.1. Basic structure of error messa
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C.2 Some sample errors C.2.1 Error
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C.2. Some sample errors 411 The las
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C.2. Some sample errors 413 message
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C.3. List of L AT E X error message
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! LaTeX Error: No \title given. C.3
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C.3.2 L AT E X package errors C.3.
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! Extra alignment tab has been chan
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C.4. T E X error messages 427 the t
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C.5. Warnings 429 the result of an
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LaTeX Warning: No \author given. C.
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C.5.3 L AT E X font warnings C.5. W
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C.6. Search for subtle errors 435 b
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D LAT E X Programming In this appen
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D.1. Class and package files 439 \p
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l.1 \NeedsTeXFormat {LaTeX2e} D.2.
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D.2. L AT E X programming commands
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\begin{filecontents}{mymacros} \new
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\noexpand \expandafter D.3. Sample
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D.3. Sample packages 453 \setboolea
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D.3. Sample packages 455 \newcomman
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D.3. Sample packages 457 sec-name:
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The priest fulfills several functio
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\ifcase command (page 451). D.5. Di
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D.7. Managing code and documentatio
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\StopEventually{final text} D.7. Ma
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Integrity tests D.7. Managing code
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476 Appendix E. L AT E X and World
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484 Appendix F. Obsolete L AT E X r
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486 Appendix F. Obsolete L AT E X t
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488 Appendix G. T E X Fonts or for
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490 Appendix G. T E X Fonts A book
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492 Appendix G. T E X Fonts 0 1 2 3
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494 Appendix G. T E X Fonts Package
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498 Appendix G. T E X Fonts The pri
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504 Appendix G. T E X Fonts own. Th
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506 Appendix G. T E X Fonts viewing
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508 Appendix H. Command Summary " .
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510 Appendix H. Command Summary \<
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512 Appendix H. Command Summary \a=
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514 Appendix H. Command Summary \ap
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516 Appendix H. Command Summary \be
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520 Appendix H. Command Summary whi
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526 Appendix H. Command Summary \bm
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528 Appendix H. Command Summary \ch
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530 Appendix H. Command Summary \co
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532 Appendix H. Command Summary \db
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534 Appendix H. Command Summary \De
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536 Appendix H. Command Summary \De
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538 Appendix H. Command Summary \dh
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540 Appendix H. Command Summary \em
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542 Appendix H. Command Summary \fb
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544 Appendix H. Command Summary \fo
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546 Appendix H. Command Summary \gr
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548 Appendix H. Command Summary \hu
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550 Appendix H. Command Summary \in
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552 Appendix H. Command Summary \it
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554 Appendix H. Command Summary \le
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556 Appendix H. Command Summary \li
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558 Appendix H. Command Summary \Ma
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560 Appendix H. Command Summary \md
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562 Appendix H. Command Summary \ne
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564 Appendix H. Command Summary \no
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566 Appendix H. Command Summary \op
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568 Appendix H. Command Summary \pa
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570 Appendix H. Command Summary \pa
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572 Appendix H. Command Summary \Pr
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574 Appendix H. Command Summary \re
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576 Appendix H. Command Summary \ro
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578 Appendix H. Command Summary \se
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580 Appendix H. Command Summary \si
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582 Appendix H. Command Summary \su
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584 Appendix H. Command Summary \te
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586 Appendix H. Command Summary \te
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588 Appendix H. Command Summary top
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590 Appendix H. Command Summary \un
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592 Appendix H. Command Summary \va
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594 Appendix H. Command Summary \wi
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596 Appendix H. Command Summary Tab
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602 Appendix H. Command Summary ✲
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604 Appendix H. Command Summary Rem
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606 BIBLIOGRAPHY Knuth D. E. (1986e
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608 INDEX \= (¯ accent), 24, 510 \
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610 INDEX \Hat, 263, 546 \hdotsfor,
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612 INDEX creating, 311 cross-refer
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614 INDEX \chi, 125, 528 chicago pa
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616 INDEX \dbltextfloatsep, 172, 53
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618 INDEX e.tex, 394, 413 EC fonts,
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620 INDEX \exp, 128, 541 \expandaft
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622 INDEX cmr10 (standard), 492 cms
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624 INDEX Gaulle, Bernard, 251 \gcd
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626 INDEX initex, 6, 251, 253, 256,
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628 INDEX L AT E X standard, 351-6
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630 INDEX \mathscr, 284 \mathsf, 13
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632 INDEX \oint, 128, 565 \Omega, 1
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634 INDEX two-column, 38, 51 two-si
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636 INDEX plain page style, 42, 45,
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638 INDEX \rightharpoondown, 127, 5
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640 INDEX slide environment (slides
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642 INDEX column repetition, 96 col
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644 INDEX \texttt, 65, 88, 372, 585
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646 INDEX \varrho, 125, 591 \varsig
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