Guide to LaTeX (4th Edition) (Tools and Techniques

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428 Appendix C. Error Messages many \index or \glossary commands on one page; (3) the page itself is too complex to fit within the allotted buffer space. The solution to the first two situations is clear: reduce the number of command definitions and/or \index and \glossary commands on that page. In the third case, the cause might be a long tabbing, tabular, array, or picture environment, or a stuck float (figure or table) waiting for an output command. To find out whether the memory overflow is really due to an overly complex page, add the command \clearpage just before the spot where the overflow occurs. If the error message no longer appears on the next processing run, then this page was indeed too complicated for T E X. However, if the overflow still persists, the error is probably a mistake in the input text. If necessary, it may have to be located with the method explained in Section C.6. If the page really is too complex for the T E X processing, it must be simplified. However, first recall that the entire last paragraph is processed before that page is output, even if the page break occurs near the beginning of the paragraph. Introducing a \newpage may solve the problem and should be tried out before attempting a tedious restructuring of the text. If the error is due to a stuck figure or table, it might be alleviated by moving the float object to later in the text, or by changing the positioning argument (Section 7.1). If the whole text is not yet complete, one can try giving \clearpage for now in order to clear the blocked floats and then decide on a better ordering when the text is finalized. pool size Most likely there are too many command definitions and/or labels, or their names are too long. Try shortening the names. This error may also occur if a closing right brace } has been forgotten in the argument of a counter command such as \setcounter or in a \newenvironment or \newtheorem command. save size This buffer overflows when commands, environments, and the scope of declarations are nested too deeply. For example, if the argument of a \multiput command contains a picture environment, which in turn possesses a \footnotesize declaration with another \multiput command, and so on. Such a nesting must be simplified, unless the real problem is a forgotten closing brace } that merely makes the structure appear so complex. ! Text line contains an invalid character. The input text contains a strange symbol that T E X does not recognize. This could be a problem with the editor itself, that it is inserting extra characters. If an examination of the source file does not reveal the strange symbol, consult the computing center for help. ! Undefined control sequence. Every T E X user encounters this error message at some point. It is usually
C.5. Warnings 429 the result of an incorrectly typed command name. It may be amended during the processing by responding with I and the proper name of the command, plus 〈return〉. This does not alter the source file, which must be corrected separately after the L AT E X run. If the command name has been entered correctly in a L AT E X command, it may be that it was issued in an improper environment where it is not allowed (that is, not defined there). ! Use of ... doesn’t match its definition. If ‘...’ is the name of a L AT E X command, it is likely that one of the picture commands from Sections 13.1.3 and 13.1.4 has been called with the wrong syntax for its arguments. If the name is \@array, there is a faulty @-expression (Section 4.8.1) in a tabular or array environment. Possibly a fragile command was given in the @-expression without the \protect command preceding it. ! You can’t use ‘macro parameter #’ in ... mode. The special symbol # has been used in normal text. Probably there should have been a \# in order to print # itself. This can be corrected during the processing with the response I\# and 〈return〉. C.5 Warnings T E X and L AT E X errors both bring the processing run to a temporary stop and wait for a reaction from the user, or they may halt the program completely. Warnings, on the other hand, merely inform the user that the processed output may contain some faults that he or she might want to correct. Warnings appear on the monitor along with the page number where they occur, without the program coming to a stop. They are also written to the .log file where they may be examined after the L AT E X processing and possible printing. Warnings may be issued either by L AT E X or by T E X itself. C.5.1 General L AT E X warnings L AT E X warnings are indicated by the words ‘LaTeX Warning:’ at their start, followed by the warning message itself. LaTeX Warning: Citation ‘...’ on page ... undefined on input line .... The key in a \cite or other citation command has not yet been defined with a corresponding \bibitem command (Section 9.3). If this message does not disappear on the next run, then the bibliography is missing
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A Guide to LAT E X and Electronic P
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Trademark notices METAFONT is a tra
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viii Preface example, the section o
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x CONTENTS 4.6 Tabulator stops . .
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xii CONTENTS B The L AT E X Clockwo
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xiv CONTENTS H.22 A M S Greek and H
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1 1.1 Just what is L AT E X? To sum
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He took a {\bf bold step} forward.
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1.3. T E X and its offspring 7 Alth
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1.3. T E X and its offspring 9 Font
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1.5. Basics of a L AT E X file 11 v
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1.5. Basics of a L AT E X file 13 c
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1.6. T E X processing procedure 15
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2 Text, Symbols, and Commands The t
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2.2. Environments 19 a punctuation
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2.4. Lengths 21 Declarations made w
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2.5. Special characters 23 Instead
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2.5. Special characters 25 which de
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2.5.11 The date 2.6. Exercises 27 T
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2.7. Fine-tuning text 29 simply a s
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2.7. Fine-tuning text 31 Any combin
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\bigskip \medskip \smallskip 2.7. F
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2.8. Word division 35 that works (a
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3 3.1 Document class Document Layou
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3.1. Document class 39 pages and on
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3.1. Document class 41 space betwee
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The command \thispagestyle{style} 3
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3.2. Page style 45 In many classes,
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3.2. Page style 47 There is a recen
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3.2. Page style 49 forget the 1 inc
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3.2. Page style 51 As you see, the
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\title{% How to Write DVI Drivers}
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3.3.2 Abstract The abstract is prod
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3.3. Parts of the document 57 (The
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3.4. Table of contents 59 given at
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4 Displayed Text There are a variet
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\tiny smallest \scriptsize very sma
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4.1. Changing font 65 that a font e
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4.2 Centering and indenting 4.2.1 C
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4.3 Lists 4.3. Lists 69 Exercise 4.
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4.3. Lists 71 The \item[option] com
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4.3. Lists 73 label. For the enumer
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4.4. Generalized lists 75 However,
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4.4. Generalized lists 77 normally
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4.4. Generalized lists 79 item are
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4.6. Tabulator stops 81 which also
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4.6.4 Further tabbing commands 4.6.
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4.7. Boxes 85 tentative 2004 = $100
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4.7. Boxes 87 To make a framed box
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This is a 3.5 cm wide parbox. It is
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4.7. Boxes 91 The optional argument
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4.7. Boxes 93 contents as a unit wi
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4.8. Tables 95 This package also al
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4.8. Tables 97 If the left or right
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4.8. Tables 99 Position Club Games
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4.8. Tables 101 4 & Daysdon Bombers
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4.8. Tables 103 The \raisebox comma
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4.8. Tables 105 terminate the row i
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4.8. Tables 107 Package: The array
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Primary Energy Consumption 4.8. Tab
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4.9. Printing literal text 111 \ver
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4.10. Footnotes and marginal notes
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5 Mathematical Formulas Mathematics
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5.2. Main elements of math mode 121
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5.2.5 Sums and integrals 5.2. Main
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5.3.1 Greek letters 5.3. Mathematic
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5.3. Mathematical symbols 127 < \no
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5.3. Mathematical symbols 129 Some
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5.4. Additional elements 131 articl
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5.4.2 Ordinary text within a formul
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5.4. Additional elements 135 \[ \su
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123 a + b + · · · + y +z
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left formula & mid formula & right
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5.4. Additional elements 141 Exerci
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5.4. Additional elements 143 5.4.9
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5.5 Fine-tuning mathematics 5.5.1 H
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a0 + a1 + 1 a2 + 1 1 a3 + 1 a4 5.5.
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5.5. Fine-tuning mathematics 149 \a
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5.6. Beyond standard L AT E X 151 4
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154 Chapter 6. Graphics Inclusion a
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170 Chapter 7. Floating tables and
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182 Chapter 8. User Customizations
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9 Document Management This chapter
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9.1. Processing parts of a document
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9.1.3 Monitor input and output 9.1.
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9.2 In-text references 9.2. In-text
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9.2. In-text references 215 can be
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9.3. Bibliographies 217 by means of
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9.3. Bibliographies 219 by the last
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\bibitem [short(year)long] {key} .
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9.3. Bibliographies 223 sectionbib
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9.4 Keyword index 9.4. Keyword inde
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9.4. Keyword index 227 An entry may
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9.4. Keyword index 229 number of op
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10 PostScript and PDF PostScript is
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10.1. L AT E X and PostScript 233 A
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10.1. L AT E X and PostScript 235 T
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10.2. Portable Document Format 237
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252 Chapter 11. Multilingual L AT E
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258 Chapter 12. Math Extensions wit
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13 Drawing with LAT E X The inclusi
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13.1. The picture environment 289 w
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Picture boxes—rectangles 13.1. Th
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13.1. The picture environment 293 T
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\vector(∆x,∆y){length} 13.1. Th
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13.1. The picture environment 297 d
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\frame{pic elem} 13.1. The picture
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13.1. The picture environment 301 T
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13.2. Extended pictures 303 \matrix
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13.2. Extended pictures 305 The def
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13.3 Other drawing packages 13.3.1
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14 Bibliographic Databases and BIBT
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14.2. Creating a bibliographic data
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} note = {} 14.3. Customizing bibli
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15 Presentation Material So far we
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as \documentclass{slides} preamble
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15.1. Slide production with SLIT E
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15.1. Slide production with SLIT E
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15.2. Slide production with seminar
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Local configuration 15.2. Slide pro
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15.3. Electronic documents for scre
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15.4. Special effects with PDF 343
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Package: background \Replace pages
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352 Chapter 16. Letters in the prea
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354 Chapter 16. Letters A sample le
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356 Chapter 16. Letters without a c
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358 Chapter 16. Letters properly po
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360 Chapter 16. Letters \DeclareOpt
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362 Chapter 16. Letters {\viiisf\un
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364 Chapter 16. Letters \ifthenelse
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A The New Font Selection Scheme (NF
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A.1. Font attributes under NFSS 369
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A.2. Simplified font selection 371
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A.3.2 Defining font commands A.3. I
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A.3. Installing fonts with NFSS 375
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Page 393 and 394: B The LAT E X Clockwork In this app
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Page 397 and 398: B.1. Installing L AT E X 385 fontte
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Page 409 and 410: B.6. The various L AT E X files 397
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Page 413 and 414: C Error Messages Errors are bound t
Page 415 and 416: C.1. Basic structure of error messa
Page 421 and 422: C.2 Some sample errors C.2.1 Error
Page 423 and 424: C.2. Some sample errors 411 The las
Page 425 and 426: C.2. Some sample errors 413 message
Page 427 and 428: C.3. List of L AT E X error message
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Page 447 and 448: C.6. Search for subtle errors 435 b
Page 449 and 450: D LAT E X Programming In this appen
Page 451 and 452: D.1. Class and package files 439 \p
Page 453 and 454: l.1 \NeedsTeXFormat {LaTeX2e} D.2.
Page 455 and 456: D.2. L AT E X programming commands
Page 461 and 462: \begin{filecontents}{mymacros} \new
Page 463 and 464: \noexpand \expandafter D.3. Sample
Page 465 and 466: D.3. Sample packages 453 \setboolea
Page 467 and 468: D.3. Sample packages 455 \newcomman
Page 469 and 470: D.3. Sample packages 457 sec-name:
Page 471 and 472: The priest fulfills several functio
Page 473 and 474: \ifcase command (page 451). D.5. Di
Page 475 and 476: D.7. Managing code and documentatio
Page 481 and 482: \StopEventually{final text} D.7. Ma
Page 483 and 484: Integrity tests D.7. Managing code
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Page 488 and 489: 476 Appendix E. L AT E X and World
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478 Appendix E. L AT E X and World
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484 Appendix F. Obsolete L AT E X r
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486 Appendix F. Obsolete L AT E X t
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488 Appendix G. T E X Fonts or for
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490 Appendix G. T E X Fonts A book
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492 Appendix G. T E X Fonts 0 1 2 3
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494 Appendix G. T E X Fonts Package
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498 Appendix G. T E X Fonts The pri
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504 Appendix G. T E X Fonts own. Th
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506 Appendix G. T E X Fonts viewing
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508 Appendix H. Command Summary " .
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510 Appendix H. Command Summary \<
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512 Appendix H. Command Summary \a=
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514 Appendix H. Command Summary \ap
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516 Appendix H. Command Summary \be
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520 Appendix H. Command Summary whi
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526 Appendix H. Command Summary \bm
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528 Appendix H. Command Summary \ch
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530 Appendix H. Command Summary \co
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532 Appendix H. Command Summary \db
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534 Appendix H. Command Summary \De
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536 Appendix H. Command Summary \De
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538 Appendix H. Command Summary \dh
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540 Appendix H. Command Summary \em
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542 Appendix H. Command Summary \fb
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544 Appendix H. Command Summary \fo
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546 Appendix H. Command Summary \gr
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548 Appendix H. Command Summary \hu
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550 Appendix H. Command Summary \in
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552 Appendix H. Command Summary \it
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554 Appendix H. Command Summary \le
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556 Appendix H. Command Summary \li
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558 Appendix H. Command Summary \Ma
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560 Appendix H. Command Summary \md
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562 Appendix H. Command Summary \ne
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564 Appendix H. Command Summary \no
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566 Appendix H. Command Summary \op
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568 Appendix H. Command Summary \pa
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570 Appendix H. Command Summary \pa
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572 Appendix H. Command Summary \Pr
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574 Appendix H. Command Summary \re
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576 Appendix H. Command Summary \ro
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578 Appendix H. Command Summary \se
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580 Appendix H. Command Summary \si
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582 Appendix H. Command Summary \su
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584 Appendix H. Command Summary \te
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586 Appendix H. Command Summary \te
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588 Appendix H. Command Summary top
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590 Appendix H. Command Summary \un
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592 Appendix H. Command Summary \va
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594 Appendix H. Command Summary \wi
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596 Appendix H. Command Summary Tab
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602 Appendix H. Command Summary ✲
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604 Appendix H. Command Summary Rem
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606 BIBLIOGRAPHY Knuth D. E. (1986e
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608 INDEX \= (¯ accent), 24, 510 \
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610 INDEX \Hat, 263, 546 \hdotsfor,
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612 INDEX creating, 311 cross-refer
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614 INDEX \chi, 125, 528 chicago pa
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616 INDEX \dbltextfloatsep, 172, 53
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618 INDEX e.tex, 394, 413 EC fonts,
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620 INDEX \exp, 128, 541 \expandaft
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622 INDEX cmr10 (standard), 492 cms
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624 INDEX Gaulle, Bernard, 251 \gcd
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626 INDEX initex, 6, 251, 253, 256,
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628 INDEX L AT E X standard, 351-6
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630 INDEX \mathscr, 284 \mathsf, 13
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632 INDEX \oint, 128, 565 \Omega, 1
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634 INDEX two-column, 38, 51 two-si
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636 INDEX plain page style, 42, 45,
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638 INDEX \rightharpoondown, 127, 5
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640 INDEX slide environment (slides
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642 INDEX column repetition, 96 col
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644 INDEX \texttt, 65, 88, 372, 585
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646 INDEX \varrho, 125, 591 \varsig
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