Guide to LaTeX (4th Edition) (Tools and Techniques

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396 Appendix B. The L AT E X Clockwork varioref (Section 9.2.4) defines \vref and \vpageref commands, analogous to \ref and \pageref, which check if the referenced object is only one page away, and if so, print text like ‘on the previous page’; the actual text printed can alternate between two variants. verbatim (Section 4.9.1) is a re-implementation of the verbatim environment that prevents memory overflow for long texts; it also defines a command \verbatiminput to input a file and to print its contents literally, as well as a comment environment for a block comment in the input text. xr (Section 9.2.3) is a package to allow \ref to cross-reference \label commands from other documents. xspace (Section 8.3.1 on page 186) contains a device to fix the problem of command names swallowing up the blank that follows them; thus the command \PS defined as \newcommand{\PS}{PostScript\xspace} may be used as \PS file without having to terminate the \PS command with \ or {}. B.6 The various L AT E X files A number of different files are used during the L AT E X processing: some are read in while others are created to store information for the next run. They all consist of two parts: root name.extension For every L AT E X document, there is a main file, whose root name is used when the program L AT E X is called. It normally possesses the extension .tex, as do any other files that it might read in with \input or \include commands. (If they have a different extension, it must be given explicitly.) The other files that are created during a L AT E X processing run normally have the same root name as the main file but a variety of different extensions, depending on their functions. If the main file contains \include commands, there will be additional files created having the same root names as the included.tex files but with the extension.aux. Some of these files are created with every L AT E X run, whereas others appear only when certain L AT E X commands have been issued, such as \tableofcontents or \makeindex. The .aux files as well as those produced by special L AT E X commands may be suppressed by including the command \nofiles in the preamble. This command is useful if a document is being constantly corrected and reprocessed, so that the information in the special files is not yet finalized and may therefore be
B.6. The various L AT E X files 397 dispensed with. Files created at the T E X level of processing will always be generated. Other extensions describe files that contain formatting information, or additional instructions (coding), or databases. The root part of these file names is not associated with any document file. An example of this type is the article.cls file that defines the article class. The rest of this section contains a list of the L AT E X file extensions with a short description of the role they play in the L AT E X processing. .aux This is the auxiliary file written by L AT E X, containing information for cross-references as well as some commands necessary for the table of contents and other lists. There will be one .aux file created (or re-created) for the main file, in addition to one for every file read in by an \include command. The auxiliary.aux files may be suppressed by issuing \nofiles in the preamble. .bbl This file is not created by L AT E X, but by the program BIBT E X. It has the same root name as the main file. BIBT E X actually only reads the .aux file for its information. The.bbl file is read into the next L AT E X processing run by the command \bibliography and produces the list of literature references. .bib Bibliographic databases have the extension.bib. BIBT E X reads them to extract the information it needs to generate the .bbl file. The root name describes the database and not (necessarily) any text file. The database name is included in the text by means of the \bibliography command. .blg This is the transcript file from a BIBT E X run. The root name is the same as that of the input file. .bst This is a bibliography style file that is used as input to BIBT E X to determine the format of the bibliography. The name of the .bst file is included in the text by means of the \bibliographystyle command. .cfg Some classes permit local configurations for paper size or other requirements by putting specifications into a .cfg file of the same root name as the class. The ltxdoc class (Section D.7.2) is one of these. .clo This is a class option file, containing the coding for certain options that might apply to more than one class. There is no special command to input them. .cls This is a class file, defining the overall format of the document. It is read in by the \documentclass command. A .cls file may also be input from another one with the \LoadClass command.
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A Guide to LAT E X and Electronic P
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Trademark notices METAFONT is a tra
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viii Preface example, the section o
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x CONTENTS 4.6 Tabulator stops . .
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xii CONTENTS B The L AT E X Clockwo
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xiv CONTENTS H.22 A M S Greek and H
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1 1.1 Just what is L AT E X? To sum
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He took a {\bf bold step} forward.
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1.3. T E X and its offspring 7 Alth
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1.3. T E X and its offspring 9 Font
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1.5. Basics of a L AT E X file 11 v
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1.5. Basics of a L AT E X file 13 c
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1.6. T E X processing procedure 15
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2 Text, Symbols, and Commands The t
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2.2. Environments 19 a punctuation
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2.4. Lengths 21 Declarations made w
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2.5. Special characters 23 Instead
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2.5. Special characters 25 which de
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2.5.11 The date 2.6. Exercises 27 T
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2.7. Fine-tuning text 29 simply a s
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2.7. Fine-tuning text 31 Any combin
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\bigskip \medskip \smallskip 2.7. F
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2.8. Word division 35 that works (a
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3 3.1 Document class Document Layou
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3.1. Document class 39 pages and on
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3.1. Document class 41 space betwee
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The command \thispagestyle{style} 3
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3.2. Page style 45 In many classes,
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3.2. Page style 47 There is a recen
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3.2. Page style 49 forget the 1 inc
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3.2. Page style 51 As you see, the
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\title{% How to Write DVI Drivers}
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3.3.2 Abstract The abstract is prod
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3.3. Parts of the document 57 (The
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3.4. Table of contents 59 given at
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4 Displayed Text There are a variet
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\tiny smallest \scriptsize very sma
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4.1. Changing font 65 that a font e
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4.2 Centering and indenting 4.2.1 C
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4.3 Lists 4.3. Lists 69 Exercise 4.
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4.3. Lists 71 The \item[option] com
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4.3. Lists 73 label. For the enumer
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4.4. Generalized lists 75 However,
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4.4. Generalized lists 77 normally
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4.4. Generalized lists 79 item are
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4.6. Tabulator stops 81 which also
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4.6.4 Further tabbing commands 4.6.
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4.7. Boxes 85 tentative 2004 = $100
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4.7. Boxes 87 To make a framed box
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This is a 3.5 cm wide parbox. It is
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4.7. Boxes 91 The optional argument
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4.7. Boxes 93 contents as a unit wi
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4.8. Tables 95 This package also al
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4.8. Tables 97 If the left or right
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4.8. Tables 99 Position Club Games
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4.8. Tables 101 4 & Daysdon Bombers
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4.8. Tables 103 The \raisebox comma
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4.8. Tables 105 terminate the row i
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4.8. Tables 107 Package: The array
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Primary Energy Consumption 4.8. Tab
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4.9. Printing literal text 111 \ver
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4.10. Footnotes and marginal notes
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5 Mathematical Formulas Mathematics
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5.2. Main elements of math mode 121
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5.2.5 Sums and integrals 5.2. Main
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5.3.1 Greek letters 5.3. Mathematic
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5.3. Mathematical symbols 127 < \no
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5.3. Mathematical symbols 129 Some
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5.4. Additional elements 131 articl
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5.4.2 Ordinary text within a formul
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5.4. Additional elements 135 \[ \su
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123 a + b + · · · + y +z
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left formula & mid formula & right
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5.4. Additional elements 141 Exerci
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5.4. Additional elements 143 5.4.9
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5.5 Fine-tuning mathematics 5.5.1 H
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a0 + a1 + 1 a2 + 1 1 a3 + 1 a4 5.5.
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5.5. Fine-tuning mathematics 149 \a
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5.6. Beyond standard L AT E X 151 4
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154 Chapter 6. Graphics Inclusion a
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170 Chapter 7. Floating tables and
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182 Chapter 8. User Customizations
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9 Document Management This chapter
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9.1. Processing parts of a document
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9.1.3 Monitor input and output 9.1.
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9.2 In-text references 9.2. In-text
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9.2. In-text references 215 can be
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9.3. Bibliographies 217 by means of
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9.3. Bibliographies 219 by the last
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\bibitem [short(year)long] {key} .
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9.3. Bibliographies 223 sectionbib
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9.4 Keyword index 9.4. Keyword inde
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9.4. Keyword index 227 An entry may
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9.4. Keyword index 229 number of op
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10 PostScript and PDF PostScript is
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10.1. L AT E X and PostScript 233 A
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10.1. L AT E X and PostScript 235 T
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10.2. Portable Document Format 237
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252 Chapter 11. Multilingual L AT E
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258 Chapter 12. Math Extensions wit
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13 Drawing with LAT E X The inclusi
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13.1. The picture environment 289 w
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Picture boxes—rectangles 13.1. Th
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13.1. The picture environment 293 T
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\vector(∆x,∆y){length} 13.1. Th
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13.1. The picture environment 297 d
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\frame{pic elem} 13.1. The picture
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13.1. The picture environment 301 T
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13.2. Extended pictures 303 \matrix
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13.2. Extended pictures 305 The def
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13.3 Other drawing packages 13.3.1
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14 Bibliographic Databases and BIBT
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14.2. Creating a bibliographic data
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} note = {} 14.3. Customizing bibli
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15 Presentation Material So far we
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as \documentclass{slides} preamble
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15.1. Slide production with SLIT E
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15.1. Slide production with SLIT E
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15.2. Slide production with seminar
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Local configuration 15.2. Slide pro
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15.3. Electronic documents for scre
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15.4. Special effects with PDF 343
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Page 364 and 365: 352 Chapter 16. Letters in the prea
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Page 379 and 380: A The New Font Selection Scheme (NF
Page 381 and 382: A.1. Font attributes under NFSS 369
Page 383 and 384: A.2. Simplified font selection 371
Page 385 and 386: A.3.2 Defining font commands A.3. I
Page 387 and 388: A.3. Installing fonts with NFSS 375
Page 389 and 390: A.3. Installing fonts with NFSS 377
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Page 393 and 394: B The LAT E X Clockwork In this app
Page 395 and 396: Figure B.1: The T E XLive welcome B
Page 397 and 398: B.1. Installing L AT E X 385 fontte
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Page 403 and 404: B.5 Additional standard files B.5.
Page 405 and 406: B.5. Additional standard files 393
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Page 411 and 412: B.6. The various L AT E X files 399
Page 413 and 414: C Error Messages Errors are bound t
Page 415 and 416: C.1. Basic structure of error messa
Page 421 and 422: C.2 Some sample errors C.2.1 Error
Page 423 and 424: C.2. Some sample errors 411 The las
Page 425 and 426: C.2. Some sample errors 413 message
Page 427 and 428: C.3. List of L AT E X error message
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Page 439 and 440: C.4. T E X error messages 427 the t
Page 441 and 442: C.5. Warnings 429 the result of an
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Page 447 and 448: C.6. Search for subtle errors 435 b
Page 449 and 450: D LAT E X Programming In this appen
Page 451 and 452: D.1. Class and package files 439 \p
Page 453 and 454: l.1 \NeedsTeXFormat {LaTeX2e} D.2.
Page 455 and 456: D.2. L AT E X programming commands
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D.2. L AT E X programming commands
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\begin{filecontents}{mymacros} \new
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\noexpand \expandafter D.3. Sample
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D.3. Sample packages 453 \setboolea
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D.3. Sample packages 455 \newcomman
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D.3. Sample packages 457 sec-name:
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The priest fulfills several functio
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\ifcase command (page 451). D.5. Di
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D.7. Managing code and documentatio
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\StopEventually{final text} D.7. Ma
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Integrity tests D.7. Managing code
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476 Appendix E. L AT E X and World
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484 Appendix F. Obsolete L AT E X r
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486 Appendix F. Obsolete L AT E X t
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488 Appendix G. T E X Fonts or for
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490 Appendix G. T E X Fonts A book
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492 Appendix G. T E X Fonts 0 1 2 3
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494 Appendix G. T E X Fonts Package
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498 Appendix G. T E X Fonts The pri
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504 Appendix G. T E X Fonts own. Th
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506 Appendix G. T E X Fonts viewing
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508 Appendix H. Command Summary " .
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510 Appendix H. Command Summary \<
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512 Appendix H. Command Summary \a=
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514 Appendix H. Command Summary \ap
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516 Appendix H. Command Summary \be
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520 Appendix H. Command Summary whi
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526 Appendix H. Command Summary \bm
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528 Appendix H. Command Summary \ch
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530 Appendix H. Command Summary \co
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532 Appendix H. Command Summary \db
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534 Appendix H. Command Summary \De
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536 Appendix H. Command Summary \De
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538 Appendix H. Command Summary \dh
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540 Appendix H. Command Summary \em
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542 Appendix H. Command Summary \fb
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544 Appendix H. Command Summary \fo
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546 Appendix H. Command Summary \gr
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548 Appendix H. Command Summary \hu
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550 Appendix H. Command Summary \in
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552 Appendix H. Command Summary \it
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554 Appendix H. Command Summary \le
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556 Appendix H. Command Summary \li
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558 Appendix H. Command Summary \Ma
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560 Appendix H. Command Summary \md
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562 Appendix H. Command Summary \ne
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564 Appendix H. Command Summary \no
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566 Appendix H. Command Summary \op
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568 Appendix H. Command Summary \pa
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570 Appendix H. Command Summary \pa
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572 Appendix H. Command Summary \Pr
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574 Appendix H. Command Summary \re
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576 Appendix H. Command Summary \ro
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578 Appendix H. Command Summary \se
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580 Appendix H. Command Summary \si
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582 Appendix H. Command Summary \su
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584 Appendix H. Command Summary \te
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586 Appendix H. Command Summary \te
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588 Appendix H. Command Summary top
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590 Appendix H. Command Summary \un
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592 Appendix H. Command Summary \va
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594 Appendix H. Command Summary \wi
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596 Appendix H. Command Summary Tab
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602 Appendix H. Command Summary ✲
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604 Appendix H. Command Summary Rem
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606 BIBLIOGRAPHY Knuth D. E. (1986e
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608 INDEX \= (¯ accent), 24, 510 \
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610 INDEX \Hat, 263, 546 \hdotsfor,
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612 INDEX creating, 311 cross-refer
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614 INDEX \chi, 125, 528 chicago pa
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616 INDEX \dbltextfloatsep, 172, 53
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618 INDEX e.tex, 394, 413 EC fonts,
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620 INDEX \exp, 128, 541 \expandaft
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622 INDEX cmr10 (standard), 492 cms
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624 INDEX Gaulle, Bernard, 251 \gcd
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626 INDEX initex, 6, 251, 253, 256,
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628 INDEX L AT E X standard, 351-6
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630 INDEX \mathscr, 284 \mathsf, 13
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632 INDEX \oint, 128, 565 \Omega, 1
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634 INDEX two-column, 38, 51 two-si
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636 INDEX plain page style, 42, 45,
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638 INDEX \rightharpoondown, 127, 5
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640 INDEX slide environment (slides
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642 INDEX column repetition, 96 col
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644 INDEX \texttt, 65, 88, 372, 585
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646 INDEX \varrho, 125, 591 \varsig
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