Guide to LaTeX (4th Edition) (Tools and Techniques

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426 Appendix C. Error Messages ! Missing control sequence inserted. This error is most likely caused by a \newcommand, \renewcommand, \newlength, or \newsavebox command in which the backslash \ is missing from the first argument. Pressing 〈return〉 as response will complete the processing correctly since T E X assumes a backslash is missing and inserts it. ! Missing number, treated as zero. This error is most likely due to a L AT E X command that expects a number or length as argument, which is missing. It may also occur when a command that takes an optional argument is followed by text beginning with [. Finally another cause can be a \protect command preceding a length or \value command. ! Missing { inserted. ! Missing } inserted. T E X is totally confused when either of these error indicators is written. The line number printed will probably not be where the source of the error is to be found, which is a missing opening or closing brace. If the error is not obvious, continue the processing by pressing 〈return〉 and try to deduce where it might be from the printed output. ! Missing inserted. Most likely a symbol or command that may only appear in math mode was used in normal text. Recall that all those commands described in Chapter 5 are only allowed in math mode unless otherwise stated. If an \mbox command is inserted within a math formula, its argument has temporarily exited from math to normal text mode. The message may also occur if a blank line appears within a math formula, signalling a new paragraph and the end of the formula without the necessary $ sign. ! Not a letter. The word list in a \hyphenation command contains a character that is not recognized as a letter, such as an accent command like \’{e}. Such words can only be hyphenated by explicitly inserting the hyphenation possibilities (Sections 2.8.1 and 2.8.2). ! Paragraph ended before ... was complete. The argument of a command contains a blank line or a \par command, something that is not allowed. Probably a closing brace } has been omitted. ! TeX capacity exceeded, sorry [...]. T E X sets up various storage buffers in the computer memory to carry out
C.4. T E X error messages 427 the text processing. This message appears when one of these buffers is full and can no longer be used. The name of the buffer and its maximum size are printed in the square brackets of the error indicator. With this message, the T E X processing is terminated. The source of this problem is hardly ever due to insufficient memory, no matter how much complicated text is being processed, but rather to an error in the text itself. The methods described in Section C.6 may be applied to try to detect the true error. The following descriptions of the various buffers should help to decide whether the storage capacity allotted to T E X really is too small and to explain what one might do to correct this. buffer size The problem here can be that the text in the argument of a sectioning, \caption, \addcontentsline, or \addtocontents command is too long. The message then normally appears when the \end{document} command is processed, but may also arise at one of \tableofcontents, \listoffigures, or \listoftables. The way to avoid this is to use the optional argument for the short form of the heading text (Sections 3.3.3 and 7.4). Indeed, such a long entry in the table of contents is a nuisance anyway and should be shortened. After the correction has been made in the input text, the previous L AT E X.aux file must be deleted before reprocessing. This problem can occur on a PC if a word processing program has been used to generate the input text instead of a text editor. Some of these programs put an entire paragraph into a single line even though the text on the monitor is broken up into lines. exception dictionary The list of hyphenation exceptions that have been entered with the \hyphenation commands has become too large. Words used less frequently should be removed and their possible word divisions indicated explicitly with the \- command. hash size The source file contains too many command definitions or uses too many cross-reference markers. This does not mean that the input text really needs all these commands, for it may be that the user has developed a large collection of private commands that are stored in a single file and read into every document, whether they are all applicable or not. input stack size An overflow of this buffer is probably due to a mistake in a command definition. For example, the command defined with \newcommand{\com}{One more \com} produces One more {One more {...One more \com}...}} going on for ever, since it continually calls itself. Actually, it does not go on for ever, but only until this buffer is full. main memory size This buffer contains the text for the page currently being processed. It also overflows if a recursively defined command has been called. However, the more usual reasons are: (1) a large number of very complicated commands have been defined on one page; (2) there are too
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A Guide to LAT E X and Electronic P
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Trademark notices METAFONT is a tra
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viii Preface example, the section o
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x CONTENTS 4.6 Tabulator stops . .
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xii CONTENTS B The L AT E X Clockwo
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xiv CONTENTS H.22 A M S Greek and H
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1 1.1 Just what is L AT E X? To sum
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He took a {\bf bold step} forward.
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1.3. T E X and its offspring 7 Alth
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1.3. T E X and its offspring 9 Font
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1.5. Basics of a L AT E X file 11 v
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1.5. Basics of a L AT E X file 13 c
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1.6. T E X processing procedure 15
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2 Text, Symbols, and Commands The t
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2.2. Environments 19 a punctuation
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2.4. Lengths 21 Declarations made w
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2.5. Special characters 23 Instead
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2.5. Special characters 25 which de
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2.5.11 The date 2.6. Exercises 27 T
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2.7. Fine-tuning text 29 simply a s
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2.7. Fine-tuning text 31 Any combin
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\bigskip \medskip \smallskip 2.7. F
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2.8. Word division 35 that works (a
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3 3.1 Document class Document Layou
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3.1. Document class 39 pages and on
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3.1. Document class 41 space betwee
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The command \thispagestyle{style} 3
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3.2. Page style 45 In many classes,
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3.2. Page style 47 There is a recen
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3.2. Page style 49 forget the 1 inc
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3.2. Page style 51 As you see, the
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\title{% How to Write DVI Drivers}
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3.3.2 Abstract The abstract is prod
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3.3. Parts of the document 57 (The
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3.4. Table of contents 59 given at
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4 Displayed Text There are a variet
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\tiny smallest \scriptsize very sma
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4.1. Changing font 65 that a font e
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4.2 Centering and indenting 4.2.1 C
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4.3 Lists 4.3. Lists 69 Exercise 4.
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4.3. Lists 71 The \item[option] com
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4.3. Lists 73 label. For the enumer
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4.4. Generalized lists 75 However,
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4.4. Generalized lists 77 normally
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4.4. Generalized lists 79 item are
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4.6. Tabulator stops 81 which also
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4.6.4 Further tabbing commands 4.6.
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4.7. Boxes 85 tentative 2004 = $100
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4.7. Boxes 87 To make a framed box
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This is a 3.5 cm wide parbox. It is
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4.7. Boxes 91 The optional argument
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4.7. Boxes 93 contents as a unit wi
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4.8. Tables 95 This package also al
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4.8. Tables 97 If the left or right
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4.8. Tables 99 Position Club Games
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4.8. Tables 101 4 & Daysdon Bombers
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4.8. Tables 103 The \raisebox comma
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4.8. Tables 105 terminate the row i
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4.8. Tables 107 Package: The array
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Primary Energy Consumption 4.8. Tab
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4.9. Printing literal text 111 \ver
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4.10. Footnotes and marginal notes
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5 Mathematical Formulas Mathematics
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5.2. Main elements of math mode 121
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5.2.5 Sums and integrals 5.2. Main
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5.3.1 Greek letters 5.3. Mathematic
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5.3. Mathematical symbols 127 < \no
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5.3. Mathematical symbols 129 Some
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5.4. Additional elements 131 articl
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5.4.2 Ordinary text within a formul
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5.4. Additional elements 135 \[ \su
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123 a + b + · · · + y +z
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left formula & mid formula & right
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5.4. Additional elements 141 Exerci
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5.4. Additional elements 143 5.4.9
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5.5 Fine-tuning mathematics 5.5.1 H
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a0 + a1 + 1 a2 + 1 1 a3 + 1 a4 5.5.
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5.5. Fine-tuning mathematics 149 \a
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5.6. Beyond standard L AT E X 151 4
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154 Chapter 6. Graphics Inclusion a
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170 Chapter 7. Floating tables and
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182 Chapter 8. User Customizations
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9 Document Management This chapter
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9.1. Processing parts of a document
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9.1.3 Monitor input and output 9.1.
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9.2 In-text references 9.2. In-text
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9.2. In-text references 215 can be
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9.3. Bibliographies 217 by means of
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9.3. Bibliographies 219 by the last
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\bibitem [short(year)long] {key} .
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9.3. Bibliographies 223 sectionbib
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9.4 Keyword index 9.4. Keyword inde
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9.4. Keyword index 227 An entry may
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9.4. Keyword index 229 number of op
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10 PostScript and PDF PostScript is
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10.1. L AT E X and PostScript 233 A
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10.1. L AT E X and PostScript 235 T
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10.2. Portable Document Format 237
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252 Chapter 11. Multilingual L AT E
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258 Chapter 12. Math Extensions wit
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13 Drawing with LAT E X The inclusi
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13.1. The picture environment 289 w
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Picture boxes—rectangles 13.1. Th
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13.1. The picture environment 293 T
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\vector(∆x,∆y){length} 13.1. Th
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13.1. The picture environment 297 d
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\frame{pic elem} 13.1. The picture
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13.1. The picture environment 301 T
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13.2. Extended pictures 303 \matrix
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13.2. Extended pictures 305 The def
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13.3 Other drawing packages 13.3.1
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14 Bibliographic Databases and BIBT
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14.2. Creating a bibliographic data
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} note = {} 14.3. Customizing bibli
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15 Presentation Material So far we
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as \documentclass{slides} preamble
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15.1. Slide production with SLIT E
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15.1. Slide production with SLIT E
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15.2. Slide production with seminar
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Local configuration 15.2. Slide pro
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15.3. Electronic documents for scre
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15.4. Special effects with PDF 343
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Package: background \Replace pages
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352 Chapter 16. Letters in the prea
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354 Chapter 16. Letters A sample le
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356 Chapter 16. Letters without a c
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358 Chapter 16. Letters properly po
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360 Chapter 16. Letters \DeclareOpt
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362 Chapter 16. Letters {\viiisf\un
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364 Chapter 16. Letters \ifthenelse
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A The New Font Selection Scheme (NF
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A.1. Font attributes under NFSS 369
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A.2. Simplified font selection 371
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A.3.2 Defining font commands A.3. I
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Page 393 and 394: B The LAT E X Clockwork In this app
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Page 397 and 398: B.1. Installing L AT E X 385 fontte
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Page 405 and 406: B.5. Additional standard files 393
Page 407 and 408: B.5. Additional standard files 395
Page 409 and 410: B.6. The various L AT E X files 397
Page 411 and 412: B.6. The various L AT E X files 399
Page 413 and 414: C Error Messages Errors are bound t
Page 415 and 416: C.1. Basic structure of error messa
Page 421 and 422: C.2 Some sample errors C.2.1 Error
Page 423 and 424: C.2. Some sample errors 411 The las
Page 425 and 426: C.2. Some sample errors 413 message
Page 427 and 428: C.3. List of L AT E X error message
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Page 437: ! Extra alignment tab has been chan
Page 441 and 442: C.5. Warnings 429 the result of an
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Page 445 and 446: C.5.3 L AT E X font warnings C.5. W
Page 447 and 448: C.6. Search for subtle errors 435 b
Page 449 and 450: D LAT E X Programming In this appen
Page 451 and 452: D.1. Class and package files 439 \p
Page 453 and 454: l.1 \NeedsTeXFormat {LaTeX2e} D.2.
Page 455 and 456: D.2. L AT E X programming commands
Page 461 and 462: \begin{filecontents}{mymacros} \new
Page 463 and 464: \noexpand \expandafter D.3. Sample
Page 465 and 466: D.3. Sample packages 453 \setboolea
Page 467 and 468: D.3. Sample packages 455 \newcomman
Page 469 and 470: D.3. Sample packages 457 sec-name:
Page 471 and 472: The priest fulfills several functio
Page 473 and 474: \ifcase command (page 451). D.5. Di
Page 475 and 476: D.7. Managing code and documentatio
Page 481 and 482: \StopEventually{final text} D.7. Ma
Page 483 and 484: Integrity tests D.7. Managing code
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476 Appendix E. L AT E X and World
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484 Appendix F. Obsolete L AT E X r
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486 Appendix F. Obsolete L AT E X t
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488 Appendix G. T E X Fonts or for
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490 Appendix G. T E X Fonts A book
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492 Appendix G. T E X Fonts 0 1 2 3
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494 Appendix G. T E X Fonts Package
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498 Appendix G. T E X Fonts The pri
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504 Appendix G. T E X Fonts own. Th
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506 Appendix G. T E X Fonts viewing
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508 Appendix H. Command Summary " .
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510 Appendix H. Command Summary \<
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512 Appendix H. Command Summary \a=
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514 Appendix H. Command Summary \ap
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516 Appendix H. Command Summary \be
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520 Appendix H. Command Summary whi
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526 Appendix H. Command Summary \bm
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528 Appendix H. Command Summary \ch
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530 Appendix H. Command Summary \co
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532 Appendix H. Command Summary \db
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534 Appendix H. Command Summary \De
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536 Appendix H. Command Summary \De
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538 Appendix H. Command Summary \dh
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540 Appendix H. Command Summary \em
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542 Appendix H. Command Summary \fb
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544 Appendix H. Command Summary \fo
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546 Appendix H. Command Summary \gr
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548 Appendix H. Command Summary \hu
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550 Appendix H. Command Summary \in
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552 Appendix H. Command Summary \it
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554 Appendix H. Command Summary \le
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556 Appendix H. Command Summary \li
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558 Appendix H. Command Summary \Ma
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560 Appendix H. Command Summary \md
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562 Appendix H. Command Summary \ne
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564 Appendix H. Command Summary \no
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566 Appendix H. Command Summary \op
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568 Appendix H. Command Summary \pa
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570 Appendix H. Command Summary \pa
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572 Appendix H. Command Summary \Pr
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574 Appendix H. Command Summary \re
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576 Appendix H. Command Summary \ro
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578 Appendix H. Command Summary \se
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580 Appendix H. Command Summary \si
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582 Appendix H. Command Summary \su
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584 Appendix H. Command Summary \te
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586 Appendix H. Command Summary \te
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588 Appendix H. Command Summary top
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590 Appendix H. Command Summary \un
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592 Appendix H. Command Summary \va
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594 Appendix H. Command Summary \wi
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596 Appendix H. Command Summary Tab
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602 Appendix H. Command Summary ✲
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604 Appendix H. Command Summary Rem
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606 BIBLIOGRAPHY Knuth D. E. (1986e
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608 INDEX \= (¯ accent), 24, 510 \
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610 INDEX \Hat, 263, 546 \hdotsfor,
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612 INDEX creating, 311 cross-refer
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614 INDEX \chi, 125, 528 chicago pa
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616 INDEX \dbltextfloatsep, 172, 53
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618 INDEX e.tex, 394, 413 EC fonts,
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620 INDEX \exp, 128, 541 \expandaft
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622 INDEX cmr10 (standard), 492 cms
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624 INDEX Gaulle, Bernard, 251 \gcd
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626 INDEX initex, 6, 251, 253, 256,
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628 INDEX L AT E X standard, 351-6
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630 INDEX \mathscr, 284 \mathsf, 13
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632 INDEX \oint, 128, 565 \Omega, 1
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634 INDEX two-column, 38, 51 two-si
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636 INDEX plain page style, 42, 45,
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638 INDEX \rightharpoondown, 127, 5
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640 INDEX slide environment (slides
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642 INDEX column repetition, 96 col
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644 INDEX \texttt, 65, 88, 372, 585
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646 INDEX \varrho, 125, 591 \varsig
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