Guide to LaTeX (4th Edition) (Tools and Techniques

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38 Chapter 3. Document Layout and Organization 10pt 11pt 12pt This is the size of the font in which the normal text in the document will be set. The default is 10pt, which means that this is the value assumed if no size option is specified. All other font size declarations are relative to this standard size, so that the section titles, footnotes, and so on will all change size automatically if a different basic font size is selected. Specifying paper size L AT E X calculates the text line width and lines per page according to the selected font size and paper mode. It also sets the margins so that the text is centered both horizontally and vertically. In order to do this, it needs to know which paper format is being used. This is specified by one of the following options: letterpaper (11 × 8.5 in) a4paper (29.7 × 21 cm) legalpaper (14 × 8.5 in) a5paper (21 × 14.8 cm) executivepaper (10.5 × 7.25 in) b5paper (25 × 17.6 cm) The default is letterpaper, American letter size paper, 11 × 8.5 in. Normally, the paper format is such that the longer dimension is the vertical one, the so-called portrait mode. With the option landscape the shorter dimension becomes the vertical one, the landscape mode. (One still has to ensure that the output is printed as landscape; see for example page 232.) Page formats The text on the page may be formatted into one or two columns with the options onecolumn twocolumn The default is onecolumn. In the case of the twocolumn option, the separation between the columns as well as the width of any rule between them may be specified by \columnsep and \columnseprule, described below. The even- and odd-numbered pages may be printed differently according to the options oneside twoside With oneside, all pages are printed the same; however, with twoside, the running heads are such that the page number appears on the right on odd
3.1. Document class 39 pages and on the left on even pages. It does not force the printer to output double-sided. The idea is that when these are later printed back-to-back, the page numbers are always on the outside where they are more easily noticed. This is the default for the book class. For article and report, the default is oneside. With the book class, chapters normally start on a right-hand, odd-numbered page. The options openright openany control this feature: with openany a chapter always starts on the next page, but with openright, the default, a blank page may be inserted if necessary. Normally the title of a book or report will go on a separate page, while for an article, it is placed on the same page as the first text. With the options notitlepage titlepage this standard behavior may be overruled. See Sections 3.3.1 and 3.3.2. Further options The remaining standard options are: leqno Equation numbers in displayed formulas will appear on the left instead of the normal right side (Section 5.1). fleqn Displayed formulas will be set flush left instead of centered (Section 5.1). The amount of indentation may be set with the parameter \mathindent described below. openbib The format of bibliographies may be changed so that segments are set on new lines. By default, the texts for each entry are run together. draft If the L AT E X line-breaking mechanism does not function properly and text must stick out into the right margin, then this is marked with a thick black bar, to make it noticeable. final The opposite of draft, and the default. Lines of text that are too wide are not marked in any way. If multiple options are to be given, they are separated by commas, as for example, \documentclass[11pt,twoside,fleqn]{article}. The order of the options is unimportant. If two conflicting options are specified, say oneside and twoside, it is not obvious which one will be effective. That depends entirely on the definitions in the class file itself, so it would be best to avoid such situations.
Page 1 and 2: A Guide to LAT E X and Electronic P
Page 3: Trademark notices METAFONT is a tra
Page 6 and 7: viii Preface example, the section o
Page 8 and 9: x CONTENTS 4.6 Tabulator stops . .
Page 10 and 11: xii CONTENTS B The L AT E X Clockwo
Page 12 and 13: xiv CONTENTS H.22 A M S Greek and H
Page 15 and 16: 1 1.1 Just what is L AT E X? To sum
Page 17 and 18: He took a {\bf bold step} forward.
Page 19 and 20: 1.3. T E X and its offspring 7 Alth
Page 21 and 22: 1.3. T E X and its offspring 9 Font
Page 23 and 24: 1.5. Basics of a L AT E X file 11 v
Page 25 and 26: 1.5. Basics of a L AT E X file 13 c
Page 27 and 28: 1.6. T E X processing procedure 15
Page 29 and 30: 2 Text, Symbols, and Commands The t
Page 31 and 32: 2.2. Environments 19 a punctuation
Page 33 and 34: 2.4. Lengths 21 Declarations made w
Page 35 and 36: 2.5. Special characters 23 Instead
Page 37 and 38: 2.5. Special characters 25 which de
Page 39 and 40: 2.5.11 The date 2.6. Exercises 27 T
Page 41 and 42: 2.7. Fine-tuning text 29 simply a s
Page 43 and 44: 2.7. Fine-tuning text 31 Any combin
Page 45 and 46: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip 2.7. F
Page 47 and 48: 2.8. Word division 35 that works (a
Page 49: 3 3.1 Document class Document Layou
Page 53 and 54: 3.1. Document class 41 space betwee
Page 55 and 56: The command \thispagestyle{style} 3
Page 57 and 58: 3.2. Page style 45 In many classes,
Page 59 and 60: 3.2. Page style 47 There is a recen
Page 61 and 62: 3.2. Page style 49 forget the 1 inc
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Page 65 and 66: \title{% How to Write DVI Drivers}
Page 67 and 68: 3.3.2 Abstract The abstract is prod
Page 69 and 70: 3.3. Parts of the document 57 (The
Page 71 and 72: 3.4. Table of contents 59 given at
Page 73 and 74: 4 Displayed Text There are a variet
Page 75 and 76: \tiny smallest \scriptsize very sma
Page 77 and 78: 4.1. Changing font 65 that a font e
Page 79 and 80: 4.2 Centering and indenting 4.2.1 C
Page 81 and 82: 4.3 Lists 4.3. Lists 69 Exercise 4.
Page 83 and 84: 4.3. Lists 71 The \item[option] com
Page 85 and 86: 4.3. Lists 73 label. For the enumer
Page 87 and 88: 4.4. Generalized lists 75 However,
Page 89 and 90: 4.4. Generalized lists 77 normally
Page 91 and 92: 4.4. Generalized lists 79 item are
Page 93 and 94: 4.6. Tabulator stops 81 which also
Page 95 and 96: 4.6.4 Further tabbing commands 4.6.
Page 97 and 98: 4.7. Boxes 85 tentative 2004 = $100
Page 99 and 100: 4.7. Boxes 87 To make a framed box
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This is a 3.5 cm wide parbox. It is
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4.7. Boxes 91 The optional argument
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4.7. Boxes 93 contents as a unit wi
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4.8. Tables 95 This package also al
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4.8. Tables 97 If the left or right
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4.8. Tables 99 Position Club Games
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4.8. Tables 101 4 & Daysdon Bombers
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4.8. Tables 103 The \raisebox comma
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4.8. Tables 105 terminate the row i
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4.8. Tables 107 Package: The array
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Primary Energy Consumption 4.8. Tab
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4.9. Printing literal text 111 \ver
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4.10. Footnotes and marginal notes
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5 Mathematical Formulas Mathematics
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5.2. Main elements of math mode 121
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5.2.5 Sums and integrals 5.2. Main
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5.3.1 Greek letters 5.3. Mathematic
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5.3. Mathematical symbols 127 < \no
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5.3. Mathematical symbols 129 Some
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5.4. Additional elements 131 articl
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5.4.2 Ordinary text within a formul
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5.4. Additional elements 135 \[ \su
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123 a + b + · · · + y +z
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left formula & mid formula & right
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5.4. Additional elements 141 Exerci
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5.4. Additional elements 143 5.4.9
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5.5 Fine-tuning mathematics 5.5.1 H
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a0 + a1 + 1 a2 + 1 1 a3 + 1 a4 5.5.
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5.5. Fine-tuning mathematics 149 \a
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5.6. Beyond standard L AT E X 151 4
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154 Chapter 6. Graphics Inclusion a
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170 Chapter 7. Floating tables and
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182 Chapter 8. User Customizations
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9 Document Management This chapter
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9.1. Processing parts of a document
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9.1.3 Monitor input and output 9.1.
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9.2 In-text references 9.2. In-text
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9.2. In-text references 215 can be
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9.3. Bibliographies 217 by means of
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9.3. Bibliographies 219 by the last
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\bibitem [short(year)long] {key} .
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9.3. Bibliographies 223 sectionbib
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9.4 Keyword index 9.4. Keyword inde
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9.4. Keyword index 227 An entry may
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9.4. Keyword index 229 number of op
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10 PostScript and PDF PostScript is
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10.1. L AT E X and PostScript 233 A
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10.1. L AT E X and PostScript 235 T
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10.2. Portable Document Format 237
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252 Chapter 11. Multilingual L AT E
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258 Chapter 12. Math Extensions wit
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13 Drawing with LAT E X The inclusi
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13.1. The picture environment 289 w
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Picture boxes—rectangles 13.1. Th
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13.1. The picture environment 293 T
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\vector(∆x,∆y){length} 13.1. Th
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13.1. The picture environment 297 d
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\frame{pic elem} 13.1. The picture
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13.1. The picture environment 301 T
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13.2. Extended pictures 303 \matrix
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13.2. Extended pictures 305 The def
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13.3 Other drawing packages 13.3.1
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14 Bibliographic Databases and BIBT
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14.2. Creating a bibliographic data
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} note = {} 14.3. Customizing bibli
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15 Presentation Material So far we
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as \documentclass{slides} preamble
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15.1. Slide production with SLIT E
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15.1. Slide production with SLIT E
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15.2. Slide production with seminar
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Local configuration 15.2. Slide pro
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15.3. Electronic documents for scre
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15.4. Special effects with PDF 343
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Package: background \Replace pages
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352 Chapter 16. Letters in the prea
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354 Chapter 16. Letters A sample le
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356 Chapter 16. Letters without a c
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358 Chapter 16. Letters properly po
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360 Chapter 16. Letters \DeclareOpt
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362 Chapter 16. Letters {\viiisf\un
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364 Chapter 16. Letters \ifthenelse
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A The New Font Selection Scheme (NF
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A.1. Font attributes under NFSS 369
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A.2. Simplified font selection 371
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A.3.2 Defining font commands A.3. I
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A.3. Installing fonts with NFSS 375
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A.3. Installing fonts with NFSS 377
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\renewcommand{\rmdefault}{ptm} \ren
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B The LAT E X Clockwork In this app
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Figure B.1: The T E XLive welcome B
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B.1. Installing L AT E X 385 fontte
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B.2 Obtaining the Adobe euro fonts
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B.4. The CTAN server 389 dvipdfm (S
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B.5 Additional standard files B.5.
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B.5. Additional standard files 393
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B.5. Additional standard files 395
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B.6. The various L AT E X files 397
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B.6. The various L AT E X files 399
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C Error Messages Errors are bound t
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C.1. Basic structure of error messa
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C.2 Some sample errors C.2.1 Error
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C.2. Some sample errors 411 The las
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C.2. Some sample errors 413 message
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C.3. List of L AT E X error message
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! LaTeX Error: No \title given. C.3
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C.3.2 L AT E X package errors C.3.
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! Extra alignment tab has been chan
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C.4. T E X error messages 427 the t
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C.5. Warnings 429 the result of an
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LaTeX Warning: No \author given. C.
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C.5.3 L AT E X font warnings C.5. W
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C.6. Search for subtle errors 435 b
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D LAT E X Programming In this appen
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D.1. Class and package files 439 \p
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l.1 \NeedsTeXFormat {LaTeX2e} D.2.
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D.2. L AT E X programming commands
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\begin{filecontents}{mymacros} \new
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\noexpand \expandafter D.3. Sample
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D.3. Sample packages 453 \setboolea
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D.3. Sample packages 455 \newcomman
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D.3. Sample packages 457 sec-name:
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The priest fulfills several functio
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\ifcase command (page 451). D.5. Di
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D.7. Managing code and documentatio
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\StopEventually{final text} D.7. Ma
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Integrity tests D.7. Managing code
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476 Appendix E. L AT E X and World
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484 Appendix F. Obsolete L AT E X r
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486 Appendix F. Obsolete L AT E X t
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488 Appendix G. T E X Fonts or for
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490 Appendix G. T E X Fonts A book
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492 Appendix G. T E X Fonts 0 1 2 3
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494 Appendix G. T E X Fonts Package
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498 Appendix G. T E X Fonts The pri
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504 Appendix G. T E X Fonts own. Th
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506 Appendix G. T E X Fonts viewing
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508 Appendix H. Command Summary " .
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510 Appendix H. Command Summary \<
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512 Appendix H. Command Summary \a=
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514 Appendix H. Command Summary \ap
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516 Appendix H. Command Summary \be
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520 Appendix H. Command Summary whi
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526 Appendix H. Command Summary \bm
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528 Appendix H. Command Summary \ch
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530 Appendix H. Command Summary \co
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532 Appendix H. Command Summary \db
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534 Appendix H. Command Summary \De
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536 Appendix H. Command Summary \De
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538 Appendix H. Command Summary \dh
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540 Appendix H. Command Summary \em
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542 Appendix H. Command Summary \fb
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544 Appendix H. Command Summary \fo
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546 Appendix H. Command Summary \gr
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548 Appendix H. Command Summary \hu
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550 Appendix H. Command Summary \in
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552 Appendix H. Command Summary \it
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554 Appendix H. Command Summary \le
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556 Appendix H. Command Summary \li
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558 Appendix H. Command Summary \Ma
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560 Appendix H. Command Summary \md
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562 Appendix H. Command Summary \ne
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564 Appendix H. Command Summary \no
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566 Appendix H. Command Summary \op
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568 Appendix H. Command Summary \pa
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570 Appendix H. Command Summary \pa
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572 Appendix H. Command Summary \Pr
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574 Appendix H. Command Summary \re
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576 Appendix H. Command Summary \ro
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578 Appendix H. Command Summary \se
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580 Appendix H. Command Summary \si
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582 Appendix H. Command Summary \su
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584 Appendix H. Command Summary \te
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586 Appendix H. Command Summary \te
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588 Appendix H. Command Summary top
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590 Appendix H. Command Summary \un
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592 Appendix H. Command Summary \va
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594 Appendix H. Command Summary \wi
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596 Appendix H. Command Summary Tab
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602 Appendix H. Command Summary ✲
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604 Appendix H. Command Summary Rem
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606 BIBLIOGRAPHY Knuth D. E. (1986e
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608 INDEX \= (¯ accent), 24, 510 \
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610 INDEX \Hat, 263, 546 \hdotsfor,
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612 INDEX creating, 311 cross-refer
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614 INDEX \chi, 125, 528 chicago pa
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616 INDEX \dbltextfloatsep, 172, 53
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618 INDEX e.tex, 394, 413 EC fonts,
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620 INDEX \exp, 128, 541 \expandaft
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622 INDEX cmr10 (standard), 492 cms
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624 INDEX Gaulle, Bernard, 251 \gcd
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626 INDEX initex, 6, 251, 253, 256,
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628 INDEX L AT E X standard, 351-6
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630 INDEX \mathscr, 284 \mathsf, 13
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632 INDEX \oint, 128, 565 \Omega, 1
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634 INDEX two-column, 38, 51 two-si
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636 INDEX plain page style, 42, 45,
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638 INDEX \rightharpoondown, 127, 5
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640 INDEX slide environment (slides
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642 INDEX column repetition, 96 col
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644 INDEX \texttt, 65, 88, 372, 585
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646 INDEX \varrho, 125, 591 \varsig
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