Guide to LaTeX (4th Edition) (Tools and Techniques

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viii Preface example, the section on graphics inclusion and color was originally treated as an exotic freak, relegated to an appendix on extensions; in the third edition, it moved up to be included in a front chapter along with the picture environment and floats; now it dominates Chapter 6 all on its own, the floats come in the following Chapter 7, and picture is banished to the later Chapter 13. This is not to say that the picture features are no good, but only that they are very specialized. We add descriptions of additional drawing possibilities there too. 2. It is stressed as much as possible that L AT E X is a markup language, with separation of content and form. Typographical settings should be placed in the preamble, while the body contains only logical markup. This is in keeping with the modern ideas of XML, where form and content are radically segregated. 3. Throughout this edition, contributed packages are explained at that point in the text where they are most relevant. The fancyhdr package comes in the section on page styles, natbib where literature citations are explained. This stresses that these ‘extensions’ are part of the L AT E X system as a whole. However, to remind the user that they must still be explicitly loaded, a marginal note is placed at the start of their descriptions. 4. PDF output is taken for granted throughout the book, in addition to the classical DVI format. This means that the added possibilities of pdfT E X and dvipdfm are explained where they are relevant. A separate Chapter 10 on PostScript and PDF is still necessary, and the best interface to PDF output, the hyperref package by Sebastian Rahtz, is explained in detail. PDF is also included in Chapter 15 on presentation material. On the other hand, the other Web output formats, HTML and XML, are only dealt with briefly in Appendix E, since these are large topics treated in other books, most noticeably the L AT E X Web Companion. 5. This book is being distributed with the T E XLive CD, with the kind permission of Sebastian Rahtz who maintains it for the T E X Users Group. It contains a full T E X and L AT E X installation for Windows, Macintosh, and Linux, plus many of the myriad extensions that exist. We once again express our hope that this Guide will prove more than useful to all those who wish to find their way through the intricate world of L AT E X. And with the addition of the T E XLive CD, that world is brought even closer to their doorsteps. Helmut Kopka and Patrick W. Daly June, 2003
Contents Preface vii I Basics 1 1 Introduction 3 1.1 Just what is L AT E X? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.2 Markup Languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.3 T E X and its offspring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.4 How to use this book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.5 Basics of a L AT E X file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1.6 T E X processing procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2 Text, Symbols, and Commands 17 2.1 Command names and arguments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2.2 Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.3 Declarations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2.4 Lengths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.5 Special characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 2.6 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2.7 Fine-tuning text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 2.8 Word division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 3 Document Layout and Organization 37 3.1 Document class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 3.2 Page style . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 3.3 Parts of the document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 3.4 Table of contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 4 Displayed Text 61 4.1 Changing font . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 4.2 Centering and indenting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 4.3 Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 4.4 Generalized lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 4.5 Theorem-like declarations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 ix
Page 1 and 2: A Guide to LAT E X and Electronic P
Page 3: Trademark notices METAFONT is a tra
Page 8 and 9: x CONTENTS 4.6 Tabulator stops . .
Page 10 and 11: xii CONTENTS B The L AT E X Clockwo
Page 12 and 13: xiv CONTENTS H.22 A M S Greek and H
Page 15 and 16: 1 1.1 Just what is L AT E X? To sum
Page 17 and 18: He took a {\bf bold step} forward.
Page 19 and 20: 1.3. T E X and its offspring 7 Alth
Page 21 and 22: 1.3. T E X and its offspring 9 Font
Page 23 and 24: 1.5. Basics of a L AT E X file 11 v
Page 25 and 26: 1.5. Basics of a L AT E X file 13 c
Page 27 and 28: 1.6. T E X processing procedure 15
Page 29 and 30: 2 Text, Symbols, and Commands The t
Page 31 and 32: 2.2. Environments 19 a punctuation
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Page 35 and 36: 2.5. Special characters 23 Instead
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Page 39 and 40: 2.5.11 The date 2.6. Exercises 27 T
Page 41 and 42: 2.7. Fine-tuning text 29 simply a s
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Page 45 and 46: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip 2.7. F
Page 47 and 48: 2.8. Word division 35 that works (a
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3.2. Page style 45 In many classes,
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3.2. Page style 47 There is a recen
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3.2. Page style 49 forget the 1 inc
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3.2. Page style 51 As you see, the
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\title{% How to Write DVI Drivers}
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3.3.2 Abstract The abstract is prod
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3.3. Parts of the document 57 (The
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3.4. Table of contents 59 given at
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4 Displayed Text There are a variet
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\tiny smallest \scriptsize very sma
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4.1. Changing font 65 that a font e
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4.2 Centering and indenting 4.2.1 C
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4.3 Lists 4.3. Lists 69 Exercise 4.
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4.3. Lists 71 The \item[option] com
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4.3. Lists 73 label. For the enumer
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4.4. Generalized lists 75 However,
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4.4. Generalized lists 77 normally
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4.4. Generalized lists 79 item are
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4.6. Tabulator stops 81 which also
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4.6.4 Further tabbing commands 4.6.
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4.7. Boxes 85 tentative 2004 = $100
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4.7. Boxes 87 To make a framed box
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This is a 3.5 cm wide parbox. It is
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4.7. Boxes 91 The optional argument
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4.7. Boxes 93 contents as a unit wi
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4.8. Tables 95 This package also al
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4.8. Tables 97 If the left or right
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4.8. Tables 99 Position Club Games
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4.8. Tables 101 4 & Daysdon Bombers
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4.8. Tables 103 The \raisebox comma
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4.8. Tables 105 terminate the row i
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4.8. Tables 107 Package: The array
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Primary Energy Consumption 4.8. Tab
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4.9. Printing literal text 111 \ver
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4.10. Footnotes and marginal notes
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5 Mathematical Formulas Mathematics
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5.2. Main elements of math mode 121
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5.2.5 Sums and integrals 5.2. Main
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5.3.1 Greek letters 5.3. Mathematic
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5.3. Mathematical symbols 127 < \no
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5.3. Mathematical symbols 129 Some
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5.4. Additional elements 131 articl
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5.4.2 Ordinary text within a formul
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5.4. Additional elements 135 \[ \su
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123 a + b + · · · + y +z
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left formula & mid formula & right
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5.4. Additional elements 141 Exerci
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5.4. Additional elements 143 5.4.9
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5.5 Fine-tuning mathematics 5.5.1 H
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a0 + a1 + 1 a2 + 1 1 a3 + 1 a4 5.5.
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5.5. Fine-tuning mathematics 149 \a
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5.6. Beyond standard L AT E X 151 4
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154 Chapter 6. Graphics Inclusion a
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170 Chapter 7. Floating tables and
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182 Chapter 8. User Customizations
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9 Document Management This chapter
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9.1. Processing parts of a document
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9.1.3 Monitor input and output 9.1.
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9.2 In-text references 9.2. In-text
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9.2. In-text references 215 can be
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9.3. Bibliographies 217 by means of
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9.3. Bibliographies 219 by the last
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\bibitem [short(year)long] {key} .
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9.3. Bibliographies 223 sectionbib
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9.4 Keyword index 9.4. Keyword inde
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9.4. Keyword index 227 An entry may
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9.4. Keyword index 229 number of op
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10 PostScript and PDF PostScript is
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10.1. L AT E X and PostScript 233 A
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10.1. L AT E X and PostScript 235 T
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10.2. Portable Document Format 237
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252 Chapter 11. Multilingual L AT E
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258 Chapter 12. Math Extensions wit
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13 Drawing with LAT E X The inclusi
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13.1. The picture environment 289 w
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Picture boxes—rectangles 13.1. Th
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13.1. The picture environment 293 T
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\vector(∆x,∆y){length} 13.1. Th
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13.1. The picture environment 297 d
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\frame{pic elem} 13.1. The picture
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13.1. The picture environment 301 T
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13.2. Extended pictures 303 \matrix
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13.2. Extended pictures 305 The def
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13.3 Other drawing packages 13.3.1
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14 Bibliographic Databases and BIBT
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14.2. Creating a bibliographic data
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} note = {} 14.3. Customizing bibli
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15 Presentation Material So far we
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as \documentclass{slides} preamble
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15.1. Slide production with SLIT E
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15.1. Slide production with SLIT E
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15.2. Slide production with seminar
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Local configuration 15.2. Slide pro
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15.3. Electronic documents for scre
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15.4. Special effects with PDF 343
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Package: background \Replace pages
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352 Chapter 16. Letters in the prea
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354 Chapter 16. Letters A sample le
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356 Chapter 16. Letters without a c
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358 Chapter 16. Letters properly po
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360 Chapter 16. Letters \DeclareOpt
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362 Chapter 16. Letters {\viiisf\un
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364 Chapter 16. Letters \ifthenelse
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A The New Font Selection Scheme (NF
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A.1. Font attributes under NFSS 369
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A.2. Simplified font selection 371
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A.3.2 Defining font commands A.3. I
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A.3. Installing fonts with NFSS 375
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A.3. Installing fonts with NFSS 377
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\renewcommand{\rmdefault}{ptm} \ren
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B The LAT E X Clockwork In this app
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Figure B.1: The T E XLive welcome B
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B.1. Installing L AT E X 385 fontte
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B.2 Obtaining the Adobe euro fonts
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B.4. The CTAN server 389 dvipdfm (S
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B.5 Additional standard files B.5.
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B.5. Additional standard files 393
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B.5. Additional standard files 395
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B.6. The various L AT E X files 397
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B.6. The various L AT E X files 399
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C Error Messages Errors are bound t
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C.1. Basic structure of error messa
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C.2 Some sample errors C.2.1 Error
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C.2. Some sample errors 411 The las
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C.2. Some sample errors 413 message
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C.3. List of L AT E X error message
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! LaTeX Error: No \title given. C.3
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C.3.2 L AT E X package errors C.3.
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! Extra alignment tab has been chan
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C.4. T E X error messages 427 the t
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C.5. Warnings 429 the result of an
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LaTeX Warning: No \author given. C.
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C.5.3 L AT E X font warnings C.5. W
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C.6. Search for subtle errors 435 b
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D LAT E X Programming In this appen
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D.1. Class and package files 439 \p
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l.1 \NeedsTeXFormat {LaTeX2e} D.2.
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D.2. L AT E X programming commands
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\begin{filecontents}{mymacros} \new
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\noexpand \expandafter D.3. Sample
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D.3. Sample packages 453 \setboolea
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D.3. Sample packages 455 \newcomman
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D.3. Sample packages 457 sec-name:
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The priest fulfills several functio
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\ifcase command (page 451). D.5. Di
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D.7. Managing code and documentatio
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\StopEventually{final text} D.7. Ma
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Integrity tests D.7. Managing code
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476 Appendix E. L AT E X and World
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484 Appendix F. Obsolete L AT E X r
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486 Appendix F. Obsolete L AT E X t
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488 Appendix G. T E X Fonts or for
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490 Appendix G. T E X Fonts A book
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492 Appendix G. T E X Fonts 0 1 2 3
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494 Appendix G. T E X Fonts Package
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498 Appendix G. T E X Fonts The pri
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504 Appendix G. T E X Fonts own. Th
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506 Appendix G. T E X Fonts viewing
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508 Appendix H. Command Summary " .
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510 Appendix H. Command Summary \<
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512 Appendix H. Command Summary \a=
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514 Appendix H. Command Summary \ap
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516 Appendix H. Command Summary \be
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520 Appendix H. Command Summary whi
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526 Appendix H. Command Summary \bm
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528 Appendix H. Command Summary \ch
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530 Appendix H. Command Summary \co
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532 Appendix H. Command Summary \db
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534 Appendix H. Command Summary \De
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536 Appendix H. Command Summary \De
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538 Appendix H. Command Summary \dh
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540 Appendix H. Command Summary \em
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542 Appendix H. Command Summary \fb
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544 Appendix H. Command Summary \fo
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546 Appendix H. Command Summary \gr
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548 Appendix H. Command Summary \hu
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550 Appendix H. Command Summary \in
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552 Appendix H. Command Summary \it
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554 Appendix H. Command Summary \le
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556 Appendix H. Command Summary \li
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558 Appendix H. Command Summary \Ma
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560 Appendix H. Command Summary \md
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562 Appendix H. Command Summary \ne
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564 Appendix H. Command Summary \no
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566 Appendix H. Command Summary \op
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568 Appendix H. Command Summary \pa
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570 Appendix H. Command Summary \pa
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572 Appendix H. Command Summary \Pr
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574 Appendix H. Command Summary \re
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576 Appendix H. Command Summary \ro
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578 Appendix H. Command Summary \se
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580 Appendix H. Command Summary \si
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582 Appendix H. Command Summary \su
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584 Appendix H. Command Summary \te
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586 Appendix H. Command Summary \te
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588 Appendix H. Command Summary top
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590 Appendix H. Command Summary \un
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592 Appendix H. Command Summary \va
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594 Appendix H. Command Summary \wi
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596 Appendix H. Command Summary Tab
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602 Appendix H. Command Summary ✲
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604 Appendix H. Command Summary Rem
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606 BIBLIOGRAPHY Knuth D. E. (1986e
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608 INDEX \= (¯ accent), 24, 510 \
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610 INDEX \Hat, 263, 546 \hdotsfor,
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612 INDEX creating, 311 cross-refer
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614 INDEX \chi, 125, 528 chicago pa
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616 INDEX \dbltextfloatsep, 172, 53
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618 INDEX e.tex, 394, 413 EC fonts,
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620 INDEX \exp, 128, 541 \expandaft
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622 INDEX cmr10 (standard), 492 cms
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624 INDEX Gaulle, Bernard, 251 \gcd
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626 INDEX initex, 6, 251, 253, 256,
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628 INDEX L AT E X standard, 351-6
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630 INDEX \mathscr, 284 \mathsf, 13
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632 INDEX \oint, 128, 565 \Omega, 1
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634 INDEX two-column, 38, 51 two-si
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636 INDEX plain page style, 42, 45,
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638 INDEX \rightharpoondown, 127, 5
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640 INDEX slide environment (slides
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642 INDEX column repetition, 96 col
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644 INDEX \texttt, 65, 88, 372, 585
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646 INDEX \varrho, 125, 591 \varsig
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