Guide to LaTeX (4th Edition) (Tools and Techniques

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498 Appendix G. T E X Fonts The printer driver programs have the task of converting the DVI output from T E X into instruction code for a particular printer. To do this, they need to know how to print each of the symbols used in the document. These symbols are represented as a set of black and white dots (pixels) that is adjusted to the output resolution. Clearly to produce the letter A in a given size at 600 dpi (dots per inch) requires many more dots than at 150 dpi (16 times). This information is contained in the corresponding .pk files, in compressed format. However, designing fonts as a set of dots, and that for any number of resolutions, and taking into account idiosyncrasies of individual printers, is an impossible task. Rather, the fonts are defined with.mf files, containing instructions on how to draw the symbols with a pen of a given shape. This is the most general definition, describing the ideal form. METAFONT then translates this ideal into the practical realization, the pixels, for any specified resolution. Aspects of the various printers, such as relative pixel size and shape, may also be included, so that the resulting patterns are both resolution and printer dependent. The font metric.tfm files are also produced in this process. Today it is hardly necessary for most users to know anything more about METAFONT other than that it exists. The drivers and previewers are now so constructed that when they notice that the required .pk file is missing, they invoke METAFONT themselves to generate it. In this way the collection of pixel files grows as needed and includes only those that are actually used. (Originally huge sets of pixel files had to be supplied to cover every remote possibility.) Another reason for the decline in the awareness of METAFONT is the increasing use of the type 1 fonts for PostScript and PDF output (Chapter 10). Donald Knuth has announced that he wishes to withdraw from any further development of either of these programs, being prepared merely to correct any definite errors they may contain. To emphasize this decision, he will from now on give version numbers to T E X that converge to π (3.14159. . . ) and to METAFONT that approach the value of e (2.71828. . . ). At present, T E X is at version 3.14159 and METAFONT at 2.718. As a consequence of this decision, any further major developments to these two programs, such as undertaken by user groups, will be under new names, since Knuth has kept the copyright to the existing names. G.4 Extended Computer fonts The Computer Modern fonts were developed in the early days of T E X when it could only handle 128 characters per font. The modern T E X program can deal with 256 characters in each font, requiring a new set of standard fonts to exploit this feature.
G.4. Extended Computer fonts 499 G.4.1 Limitations and deficiencies of the CM fonts Most of the diacritical marks (accents) used in European languages written with the Latin alphabet are contained in, or may be generated by, T E X’s Computer Modern (CM) fonts. A basic set of naked accents is available for combination with other letters, such as the acute accent ´ with the letter e to make é. Other combinations may be constructed for diacritical marks that are not predefined in T E X or L AT E X. Fashioning diacritical characters as a combination of letters and special symbols has one great disadvantage for the T E X processing: words containing such characters cannot take part in the automatic word division since the hyphenation patterns include only pure letters. The accented letters, such as those in German and French and most other languages, must be treated as single characters in the hyphenation patterns, and must appear as single letters in the character set. In addition to diacritical characters, a number of special letters are employed in some European languages, such as ß, Æ, æ, Œ, œ, Ø, and ø, which are provided in standard T E X with the CM fonts (Section 2.5.6). However, other special letters, such as Ŋ, ŋ, Þ, þ, and ð, are missing completely and cannot be easily constructed from existing ones. G.4.2 The Cork proposal At the 1990 International T E X Conference in Cork, Ireland, an extension of the Latin alphabet and its assignments within the 256 character positions was proposed and accepted. This extension includes the majority of special and diacritical letters as single characters for many languages written with the Latin alphabet. Hyphenation patterns for such languages may include the special and diacritical letters as single letters for optimal word division by T E X and L AT E X. Character fonts conforming to the Cork scheme are to bear the identifying letters ec in their names for ‘Extended Computer’ in place of the cm for ‘Computer Modern’. G.4.3 The realization of EC fonts The Cork proposal for extending the T E X fonts to 256 characters was first implemented by Norbert Schwarz, who produced an initial set of META- FONT source files. He also selected the designation dc to emphasize that this was a preliminary realization of the EC fonts. Some work was still needed to fine-tune the design of several symbols. After issuing versions 1.2 and 1.3 of the DC fonts in 1995 and 1996, Jörg Knappen released the first set of true EC fonts in January, 1997. Font Layout 9 presents his font ecrm1000, the extended version of cmr10. The EC fonts are now considered to be stable in that neither their encoding
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A Guide to LAT E X and Electronic P
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Trademark notices METAFONT is a tra
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viii Preface example, the section o
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x CONTENTS 4.6 Tabulator stops . .
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xii CONTENTS B The L AT E X Clockwo
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xiv CONTENTS H.22 A M S Greek and H
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1 1.1 Just what is L AT E X? To sum
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He took a {\bf bold step} forward.
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1.3. T E X and its offspring 7 Alth
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1.3. T E X and its offspring 9 Font
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1.5. Basics of a L AT E X file 11 v
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1.5. Basics of a L AT E X file 13 c
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1.6. T E X processing procedure 15
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2 Text, Symbols, and Commands The t
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2.2. Environments 19 a punctuation
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2.4. Lengths 21 Declarations made w
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2.5. Special characters 23 Instead
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2.5. Special characters 25 which de
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2.5.11 The date 2.6. Exercises 27 T
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2.7. Fine-tuning text 29 simply a s
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2.7. Fine-tuning text 31 Any combin
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\bigskip \medskip \smallskip 2.7. F
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2.8. Word division 35 that works (a
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3 3.1 Document class Document Layou
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3.1. Document class 39 pages and on
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3.1. Document class 41 space betwee
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The command \thispagestyle{style} 3
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3.2. Page style 45 In many classes,
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3.2. Page style 47 There is a recen
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3.2. Page style 49 forget the 1 inc
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3.2. Page style 51 As you see, the
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\title{% How to Write DVI Drivers}
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3.3.2 Abstract The abstract is prod
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3.3. Parts of the document 57 (The
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3.4. Table of contents 59 given at
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4 Displayed Text There are a variet
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\tiny smallest \scriptsize very sma
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4.1. Changing font 65 that a font e
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4.2 Centering and indenting 4.2.1 C
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4.3 Lists 4.3. Lists 69 Exercise 4.
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4.3. Lists 71 The \item[option] com
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4.3. Lists 73 label. For the enumer
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4.4. Generalized lists 75 However,
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4.4. Generalized lists 77 normally
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4.4. Generalized lists 79 item are
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4.6. Tabulator stops 81 which also
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4.6.4 Further tabbing commands 4.6.
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4.7. Boxes 85 tentative 2004 = $100
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4.7. Boxes 87 To make a framed box
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This is a 3.5 cm wide parbox. It is
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4.7. Boxes 91 The optional argument
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4.7. Boxes 93 contents as a unit wi
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4.8. Tables 95 This package also al
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4.8. Tables 97 If the left or right
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4.8. Tables 99 Position Club Games
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4.8. Tables 101 4 & Daysdon Bombers
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4.8. Tables 103 The \raisebox comma
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4.8. Tables 105 terminate the row i
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4.8. Tables 107 Package: The array
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Primary Energy Consumption 4.8. Tab
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4.9. Printing literal text 111 \ver
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4.10. Footnotes and marginal notes
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5 Mathematical Formulas Mathematics
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5.2. Main elements of math mode 121
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5.2.5 Sums and integrals 5.2. Main
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5.3.1 Greek letters 5.3. Mathematic
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5.3. Mathematical symbols 127 < \no
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5.3. Mathematical symbols 129 Some
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5.4. Additional elements 131 articl
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5.4.2 Ordinary text within a formul
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5.4. Additional elements 135 \[ \su
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123 a + b + · · · + y +z
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left formula & mid formula & right
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5.4. Additional elements 141 Exerci
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5.4. Additional elements 143 5.4.9
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5.5 Fine-tuning mathematics 5.5.1 H
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a0 + a1 + 1 a2 + 1 1 a3 + 1 a4 5.5.
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5.5. Fine-tuning mathematics 149 \a
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5.6. Beyond standard L AT E X 151 4
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154 Chapter 6. Graphics Inclusion a
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170 Chapter 7. Floating tables and
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182 Chapter 8. User Customizations
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9 Document Management This chapter
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9.1. Processing parts of a document
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9.1.3 Monitor input and output 9.1.
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9.2 In-text references 9.2. In-text
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9.2. In-text references 215 can be
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9.3. Bibliographies 217 by means of
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9.3. Bibliographies 219 by the last
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\bibitem [short(year)long] {key} .
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9.3. Bibliographies 223 sectionbib
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9.4 Keyword index 9.4. Keyword inde
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9.4. Keyword index 227 An entry may
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9.4. Keyword index 229 number of op
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10 PostScript and PDF PostScript is
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10.1. L AT E X and PostScript 233 A
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10.1. L AT E X and PostScript 235 T
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10.2. Portable Document Format 237
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252 Chapter 11. Multilingual L AT E
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258 Chapter 12. Math Extensions wit
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13 Drawing with LAT E X The inclusi
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13.1. The picture environment 289 w
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Picture boxes—rectangles 13.1. Th
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13.1. The picture environment 293 T
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\vector(∆x,∆y){length} 13.1. Th
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13.1. The picture environment 297 d
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\frame{pic elem} 13.1. The picture
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13.1. The picture environment 301 T
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13.2. Extended pictures 303 \matrix
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13.2. Extended pictures 305 The def
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13.3 Other drawing packages 13.3.1
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14 Bibliographic Databases and BIBT
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14.2. Creating a bibliographic data
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} note = {} 14.3. Customizing bibli
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15 Presentation Material So far we
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as \documentclass{slides} preamble
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15.1. Slide production with SLIT E
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15.1. Slide production with SLIT E
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15.2. Slide production with seminar
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Local configuration 15.2. Slide pro
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15.3. Electronic documents for scre
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15.4. Special effects with PDF 343
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Package: background \Replace pages
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352 Chapter 16. Letters in the prea
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354 Chapter 16. Letters A sample le
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356 Chapter 16. Letters without a c
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358 Chapter 16. Letters properly po
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360 Chapter 16. Letters \DeclareOpt
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362 Chapter 16. Letters {\viiisf\un
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364 Chapter 16. Letters \ifthenelse
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A The New Font Selection Scheme (NF
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A.1. Font attributes under NFSS 369
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A.2. Simplified font selection 371
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A.3.2 Defining font commands A.3. I
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A.3. Installing fonts with NFSS 375
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A.3. Installing fonts with NFSS 377
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\renewcommand{\rmdefault}{ptm} \ren
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B The LAT E X Clockwork In this app
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Figure B.1: The T E XLive welcome B
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B.1. Installing L AT E X 385 fontte
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B.2 Obtaining the Adobe euro fonts
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B.4. The CTAN server 389 dvipdfm (S
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B.5 Additional standard files B.5.
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B.5. Additional standard files 393
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B.5. Additional standard files 395
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B.6. The various L AT E X files 397
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B.6. The various L AT E X files 399
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C Error Messages Errors are bound t
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C.1. Basic structure of error messa
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C.2 Some sample errors C.2.1 Error
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C.2. Some sample errors 411 The las
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C.2. Some sample errors 413 message
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C.3. List of L AT E X error message
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! LaTeX Error: No \title given. C.3
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C.3.2 L AT E X package errors C.3.
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! Extra alignment tab has been chan
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C.4. T E X error messages 427 the t
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C.5. Warnings 429 the result of an
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LaTeX Warning: No \author given. C.
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C.5.3 L AT E X font warnings C.5. W
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C.6. Search for subtle errors 435 b
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D LAT E X Programming In this appen
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D.1. Class and package files 439 \p
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l.1 \NeedsTeXFormat {LaTeX2e} D.2.
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D.2. L AT E X programming commands
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D.2. L AT E X programming commands
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Page 461 and 462: \begin{filecontents}{mymacros} \new
Page 463 and 464: \noexpand \expandafter D.3. Sample
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Page 471 and 472: The priest fulfills several functio
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Page 481 and 482: \StopEventually{final text} D.7. Ma
Page 483 and 484: Integrity tests D.7. Managing code
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Page 488 and 489: 476 Appendix E. L AT E X and World
Page 496 and 497: 484 Appendix F. Obsolete L AT E X r
Page 498 and 499: 486 Appendix F. Obsolete L AT E X t
Page 500 and 501: 488 Appendix G. T E X Fonts or for
Page 502 and 503: 490 Appendix G. T E X Fonts A book
Page 504 and 505: 492 Appendix G. T E X Fonts 0 1 2 3
Page 506 and 507: 494 Appendix G. T E X Fonts Package
Page 516 and 517: 504 Appendix G. T E X Fonts own. Th
Page 518 and 519: 506 Appendix G. T E X Fonts viewing
Page 520 and 521: 508 Appendix H. Command Summary " .
Page 522 and 523: 510 Appendix H. Command Summary \<
Page 524 and 525: 512 Appendix H. Command Summary \a=
Page 526 and 527: 514 Appendix H. Command Summary \ap
Page 528 and 529: 516 Appendix H. Command Summary \be
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Page 538 and 539: 526 Appendix H. Command Summary \bm
Page 540 and 541: 528 Appendix H. Command Summary \ch
Page 542 and 543: 530 Appendix H. Command Summary \co
Page 544 and 545: 532 Appendix H. Command Summary \db
Page 546 and 547: 534 Appendix H. Command Summary \De
Page 548 and 549: 536 Appendix H. Command Summary \De
Page 550 and 551: 538 Appendix H. Command Summary \dh
Page 552 and 553: 540 Appendix H. Command Summary \em
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548 Appendix H. Command Summary \hu
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550 Appendix H. Command Summary \in
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552 Appendix H. Command Summary \it
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554 Appendix H. Command Summary \le
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556 Appendix H. Command Summary \li
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558 Appendix H. Command Summary \Ma
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560 Appendix H. Command Summary \md
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562 Appendix H. Command Summary \ne
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564 Appendix H. Command Summary \no
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566 Appendix H. Command Summary \op
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568 Appendix H. Command Summary \pa
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570 Appendix H. Command Summary \pa
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572 Appendix H. Command Summary \Pr
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574 Appendix H. Command Summary \re
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576 Appendix H. Command Summary \ro
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578 Appendix H. Command Summary \se
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580 Appendix H. Command Summary \si
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582 Appendix H. Command Summary \su
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584 Appendix H. Command Summary \te
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586 Appendix H. Command Summary \te
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588 Appendix H. Command Summary top
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590 Appendix H. Command Summary \un
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592 Appendix H. Command Summary \va
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594 Appendix H. Command Summary \wi
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596 Appendix H. Command Summary Tab
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602 Appendix H. Command Summary ✲
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604 Appendix H. Command Summary Rem
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606 BIBLIOGRAPHY Knuth D. E. (1986e
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608 INDEX \= (¯ accent), 24, 510 \
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610 INDEX \Hat, 263, 546 \hdotsfor,
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612 INDEX creating, 311 cross-refer
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614 INDEX \chi, 125, 528 chicago pa
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616 INDEX \dbltextfloatsep, 172, 53
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618 INDEX e.tex, 394, 413 EC fonts,
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620 INDEX \exp, 128, 541 \expandaft
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622 INDEX cmr10 (standard), 492 cms
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624 INDEX Gaulle, Bernard, 251 \gcd
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626 INDEX initex, 6, 251, 253, 256,
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628 INDEX L AT E X standard, 351-6
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630 INDEX \mathscr, 284 \mathsf, 13
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632 INDEX \oint, 128, 565 \Omega, 1
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634 INDEX two-column, 38, 51 two-si
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636 INDEX plain page style, 42, 45,
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638 INDEX \rightharpoondown, 127, 5
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640 INDEX slide environment (slides
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642 INDEX column repetition, 96 col
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644 INDEX \texttt, 65, 88, 372, 585
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646 INDEX \varrho, 125, 591 \varsig
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