Guide to LaTeX (4th Edition) (Tools and Techniques

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424 Appendix C. Error Messages ! LaTeX Error: The font size command \normalsize is not defined: there is probably something wrong with class file. It is necessary for class files to define \normalsize, the basic size of standard text in the document. If the class file does not do this, if it only defines \@normalsize, then it must be repaired. This message also appears if \documentclass is missing, for an empty class file is clearly a faulty one. ! LaTeX Error: This NFSS system isn’t set up properly. Something is wrong with the font descriptions in the.fd files, or there is no valid font declared by \DeclareErrorFont. This is a serious problem, to be reported to the system manager. ! LaTeX Error: Too many math alphabets used in version .... There is a limit of 16 math alphabets possible, a number set by T E X itself. Any additional math alphabet definitions are ignored. ! LaTeX Error: Unknown symbol font ‘...’. The name of a non-existent symbol font has been used as argument to the command \DeclareSymbolFontAlphabet. The font name must first be declared with \DeclareSymbolFont before it may be used. C.4 T E X error messages This section contains a list of some of the most common T E X error messages, ordered alphabetically according to the error indicator, together with a brief description of the possible cause. Each one begins with an exclamation point only. ! Counter too large. As a T E X error, this message refers to a footnote marked either with letters or symbols in which the counter has exceeded a value of 26 or 9. It may also occur if there are too many \thanks commands on a title page. ! Double subscript. A mathematical formula contains two subscripts for the same variable, for example, x_2_3 or x_{2}_{3}. The proper way to produce x23 is with x_{2_3} or x_{2_{3}} (Section 5.2.2). ! Double superscript. A mathematical formula contains two superscripts for the same variable, for example, xˆ2ˆ3 or xˆ{2}ˆ{3}. The proper way to produce x23 is with xˆ{2ˆ3} or xˆ{2ˆ{3}} (Section 5.2.2).
! Extra alignment tab has been changed to \cr. C.4. T E X error messages 425 A line in a tabular or array environment contains more & commands than there are columns defined. The error is probably due to a forgotten \\ at the end of the previous line. ! Extra }, or forgotten . In math mode, either an opening brace { has been left off or an extra closing brace } has been included by mistake. Another possibility is that a math mode switch command such as $, \[, or \( has been forgotten. ! Font ... not loaded: Not enough room left. The text processing requires more character fonts to be loaded than T E X can handle owing to memory limitations. If certain parts of the document need different fonts, you can try to split it up and to process the parts separately. ! Illegal parameter number in definition of .... This error message is probably due to a \newcommand, \newenvironment, \renewcommand, or \renewenvironment command in which the substitution character # has been applied incorrectly. This character may appear within the defining text only in the form #n, where n is a number between 1 and the number of arguments specified in the command. Otherwise the character # may only appear in the definition as \#. This error may also arise if the substitution character is applied within the last argument {end def } (Section 8.4). ! Illegal unit of measure (pt inserted). If this error message comes right after another error with the message ! Missing number, treated as zero. the problem lies with this previous error (see below). Otherwise, the mistake is that T E X expects a length specification at this point but has only been given a number without a length unit. This occurs most often when a length is to be set to zero and 0 has been typed in instead of 0mm or 0pt. If this is the case, then responding with 〈return〉 produces the right result since for a zero value any unit specification is all right. This error may also occur if a length specification has been completely forgotten. ! Misplaced alignment tab character &. The single character command & has been given in normal text outside of the tabular and array environments. Possibly the intention was to print &, in which case \& should be typed. This may still be achieved during the processing by responding with I\& to the error message.
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A Guide to LAT E X and Electronic P
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Trademark notices METAFONT is a tra
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viii Preface example, the section o
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x CONTENTS 4.6 Tabulator stops . .
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xii CONTENTS B The L AT E X Clockwo
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xiv CONTENTS H.22 A M S Greek and H
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1 1.1 Just what is L AT E X? To sum
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He took a {\bf bold step} forward.
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1.3. T E X and its offspring 7 Alth
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1.3. T E X and its offspring 9 Font
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1.5. Basics of a L AT E X file 11 v
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1.5. Basics of a L AT E X file 13 c
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1.6. T E X processing procedure 15
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2 Text, Symbols, and Commands The t
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2.2. Environments 19 a punctuation
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2.4. Lengths 21 Declarations made w
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2.5. Special characters 23 Instead
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2.5. Special characters 25 which de
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2.5.11 The date 2.6. Exercises 27 T
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2.7. Fine-tuning text 29 simply a s
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2.7. Fine-tuning text 31 Any combin
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\bigskip \medskip \smallskip 2.7. F
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2.8. Word division 35 that works (a
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3 3.1 Document class Document Layou
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3.1. Document class 39 pages and on
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3.1. Document class 41 space betwee
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The command \thispagestyle{style} 3
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3.2. Page style 45 In many classes,
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3.2. Page style 47 There is a recen
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3.2. Page style 49 forget the 1 inc
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3.2. Page style 51 As you see, the
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\title{% How to Write DVI Drivers}
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3.3.2 Abstract The abstract is prod
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3.3. Parts of the document 57 (The
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3.4. Table of contents 59 given at
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4 Displayed Text There are a variet
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\tiny smallest \scriptsize very sma
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4.1. Changing font 65 that a font e
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4.2 Centering and indenting 4.2.1 C
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4.3 Lists 4.3. Lists 69 Exercise 4.
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4.3. Lists 71 The \item[option] com
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4.3. Lists 73 label. For the enumer
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4.4. Generalized lists 75 However,
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4.4. Generalized lists 77 normally
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4.4. Generalized lists 79 item are
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4.6. Tabulator stops 81 which also
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4.6.4 Further tabbing commands 4.6.
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4.7. Boxes 85 tentative 2004 = $100
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4.7. Boxes 87 To make a framed box
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This is a 3.5 cm wide parbox. It is
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4.7. Boxes 91 The optional argument
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4.7. Boxes 93 contents as a unit wi
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4.8. Tables 95 This package also al
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4.8. Tables 97 If the left or right
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4.8. Tables 99 Position Club Games
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4.8. Tables 101 4 & Daysdon Bombers
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4.8. Tables 103 The \raisebox comma
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4.8. Tables 105 terminate the row i
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4.8. Tables 107 Package: The array
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Primary Energy Consumption 4.8. Tab
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4.9. Printing literal text 111 \ver
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4.10. Footnotes and marginal notes
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5 Mathematical Formulas Mathematics
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5.2. Main elements of math mode 121
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5.2.5 Sums and integrals 5.2. Main
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5.3.1 Greek letters 5.3. Mathematic
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5.3. Mathematical symbols 127 < \no
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5.3. Mathematical symbols 129 Some
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5.4. Additional elements 131 articl
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5.4.2 Ordinary text within a formul
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5.4. Additional elements 135 \[ \su
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123 a + b + · · · + y +z
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left formula & mid formula & right
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5.4. Additional elements 141 Exerci
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5.4. Additional elements 143 5.4.9
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5.5 Fine-tuning mathematics 5.5.1 H
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a0 + a1 + 1 a2 + 1 1 a3 + 1 a4 5.5.
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5.5. Fine-tuning mathematics 149 \a
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5.6. Beyond standard L AT E X 151 4
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154 Chapter 6. Graphics Inclusion a
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170 Chapter 7. Floating tables and
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182 Chapter 8. User Customizations
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9 Document Management This chapter
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9.1. Processing parts of a document
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9.1.3 Monitor input and output 9.1.
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9.2 In-text references 9.2. In-text
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9.2. In-text references 215 can be
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9.3. Bibliographies 217 by means of
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9.3. Bibliographies 219 by the last
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\bibitem [short(year)long] {key} .
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9.3. Bibliographies 223 sectionbib
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9.4 Keyword index 9.4. Keyword inde
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9.4. Keyword index 227 An entry may
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9.4. Keyword index 229 number of op
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10 PostScript and PDF PostScript is
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10.1. L AT E X and PostScript 233 A
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10.1. L AT E X and PostScript 235 T
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10.2. Portable Document Format 237
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252 Chapter 11. Multilingual L AT E
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258 Chapter 12. Math Extensions wit
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13 Drawing with LAT E X The inclusi
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13.1. The picture environment 289 w
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Picture boxes—rectangles 13.1. Th
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13.1. The picture environment 293 T
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\vector(∆x,∆y){length} 13.1. Th
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13.1. The picture environment 297 d
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\frame{pic elem} 13.1. The picture
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13.1. The picture environment 301 T
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13.2. Extended pictures 303 \matrix
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13.2. Extended pictures 305 The def
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13.3 Other drawing packages 13.3.1
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14 Bibliographic Databases and BIBT
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14.2. Creating a bibliographic data
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} note = {} 14.3. Customizing bibli
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15 Presentation Material So far we
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as \documentclass{slides} preamble
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15.1. Slide production with SLIT E
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15.1. Slide production with SLIT E
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15.2. Slide production with seminar
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Local configuration 15.2. Slide pro
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15.3. Electronic documents for scre
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15.4. Special effects with PDF 343
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Package: background \Replace pages
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352 Chapter 16. Letters in the prea
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354 Chapter 16. Letters A sample le
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356 Chapter 16. Letters without a c
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358 Chapter 16. Letters properly po
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360 Chapter 16. Letters \DeclareOpt
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362 Chapter 16. Letters {\viiisf\un
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364 Chapter 16. Letters \ifthenelse
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A The New Font Selection Scheme (NF
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A.1. Font attributes under NFSS 369
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A.2. Simplified font selection 371
Page 385 and 386: A.3.2 Defining font commands A.3. I
Page 387 and 388: A.3. Installing fonts with NFSS 375
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Page 393 and 394: B The LAT E X Clockwork In this app
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Page 397 and 398: B.1. Installing L AT E X 385 fontte
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Page 405 and 406: B.5. Additional standard files 393
Page 407 and 408: B.5. Additional standard files 395
Page 409 and 410: B.6. The various L AT E X files 397
Page 411 and 412: B.6. The various L AT E X files 399
Page 413 and 414: C Error Messages Errors are bound t
Page 415 and 416: C.1. Basic structure of error messa
Page 421 and 422: C.2 Some sample errors C.2.1 Error
Page 423 and 424: C.2. Some sample errors 411 The las
Page 425 and 426: C.2. Some sample errors 413 message
Page 427 and 428: C.3. List of L AT E X error message
Page 429 and 430: C.3. List of L AT E X error message
Page 431 and 432: ! LaTeX Error: No \title given. C.3
Page 433 and 434: C.3.2 L AT E X package errors C.3.
Page 435: C.3. List of L AT E X error message
Page 439 and 440: C.4. T E X error messages 427 the t
Page 441 and 442: C.5. Warnings 429 the result of an
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Page 445 and 446: C.5.3 L AT E X font warnings C.5. W
Page 447 and 448: C.6. Search for subtle errors 435 b
Page 449 and 450: D LAT E X Programming In this appen
Page 451 and 452: D.1. Class and package files 439 \p
Page 453 and 454: l.1 \NeedsTeXFormat {LaTeX2e} D.2.
Page 455 and 456: D.2. L AT E X programming commands
Page 461 and 462: \begin{filecontents}{mymacros} \new
Page 463 and 464: \noexpand \expandafter D.3. Sample
Page 465 and 466: D.3. Sample packages 453 \setboolea
Page 467 and 468: D.3. Sample packages 455 \newcomman
Page 469 and 470: D.3. Sample packages 457 sec-name:
Page 471 and 472: The priest fulfills several functio
Page 473 and 474: \ifcase command (page 451). D.5. Di
Page 475 and 476: D.7. Managing code and documentatio
Page 481 and 482: \StopEventually{final text} D.7. Ma
Page 483 and 484: Integrity tests D.7. Managing code
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476 Appendix E. L AT E X and World
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484 Appendix F. Obsolete L AT E X r
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486 Appendix F. Obsolete L AT E X t
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488 Appendix G. T E X Fonts or for
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490 Appendix G. T E X Fonts A book
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492 Appendix G. T E X Fonts 0 1 2 3
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494 Appendix G. T E X Fonts Package
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498 Appendix G. T E X Fonts The pri
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504 Appendix G. T E X Fonts own. Th
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506 Appendix G. T E X Fonts viewing
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508 Appendix H. Command Summary " .
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510 Appendix H. Command Summary \<
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512 Appendix H. Command Summary \a=
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514 Appendix H. Command Summary \ap
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516 Appendix H. Command Summary \be
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520 Appendix H. Command Summary whi
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526 Appendix H. Command Summary \bm
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528 Appendix H. Command Summary \ch
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530 Appendix H. Command Summary \co
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532 Appendix H. Command Summary \db
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534 Appendix H. Command Summary \De
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536 Appendix H. Command Summary \De
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538 Appendix H. Command Summary \dh
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540 Appendix H. Command Summary \em
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542 Appendix H. Command Summary \fb
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544 Appendix H. Command Summary \fo
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546 Appendix H. Command Summary \gr
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548 Appendix H. Command Summary \hu
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550 Appendix H. Command Summary \in
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552 Appendix H. Command Summary \it
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554 Appendix H. Command Summary \le
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556 Appendix H. Command Summary \li
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558 Appendix H. Command Summary \Ma
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560 Appendix H. Command Summary \md
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562 Appendix H. Command Summary \ne
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564 Appendix H. Command Summary \no
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566 Appendix H. Command Summary \op
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568 Appendix H. Command Summary \pa
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570 Appendix H. Command Summary \pa
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572 Appendix H. Command Summary \Pr
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574 Appendix H. Command Summary \re
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576 Appendix H. Command Summary \ro
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578 Appendix H. Command Summary \se
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580 Appendix H. Command Summary \si
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582 Appendix H. Command Summary \su
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584 Appendix H. Command Summary \te
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586 Appendix H. Command Summary \te
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588 Appendix H. Command Summary top
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590 Appendix H. Command Summary \un
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592 Appendix H. Command Summary \va
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594 Appendix H. Command Summary \wi
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596 Appendix H. Command Summary Tab
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602 Appendix H. Command Summary ✲
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604 Appendix H. Command Summary Rem
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606 BIBLIOGRAPHY Knuth D. E. (1986e
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608 INDEX \= (¯ accent), 24, 510 \
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610 INDEX \Hat, 263, 546 \hdotsfor,
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612 INDEX creating, 311 cross-refer
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614 INDEX \chi, 125, 528 chicago pa
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616 INDEX \dbltextfloatsep, 172, 53
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618 INDEX e.tex, 394, 413 EC fonts,
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620 INDEX \exp, 128, 541 \expandaft
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622 INDEX cmr10 (standard), 492 cms
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624 INDEX Gaulle, Bernard, 251 \gcd
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626 INDEX initex, 6, 251, 253, 256,
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628 INDEX L AT E X standard, 351-6
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630 INDEX \mathscr, 284 \mathsf, 13
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632 INDEX \oint, 128, 565 \Omega, 1
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634 INDEX two-column, 38, 51 two-si
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636 INDEX plain page style, 42, 45,
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638 INDEX \rightharpoondown, 127, 5
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640 INDEX slide environment (slides
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642 INDEX column repetition, 96 col
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644 INDEX \texttt, 65, 88, 372, 585
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646 INDEX \varrho, 125, 591 \varsig
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