Guide to LaTeX (4th Edition) (Tools and Techniques

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490 Appendix G. T E X Fonts A book designer must decide what kinds of typeface families are needed. He or she might decide on a Roman (serifed) font for the main body, a sans serif one for headlines, and then, if it is a book containing computer code, select a fixed font for setting those parts. Finally, symbol fonts will be needed if the work contains mathematical sections. The Computer Modern set of fonts provides all these classes of families. However, since they were produced before the NFSS attribute system of classification was established, the CM font nomenclature does not conform perfectly with this scheme. The NFSS system frees the user from having to think about the CM font names, for specifying the attributes is sufficient. Of course, the NFSS installation must provide the font definition .fd files which translate any set of attributes into a real font name, or into some acceptable substitute. G.2.2 Classification of CM fonts All the T E X font names begin with the letters cm, which stands for ‘Computer Modern’, followed by one to four letters describing the style of font, and finally one or two digits specifying the design size in points. This is the root name of the font which must be given in the \newfont command (Section 4.1.5) if it is to be activated directly. The CM fonts can be classified as text, math, decorative, or other special symbol fonts, as described in the rest of this section. Each type of font has an encoding scheme shown in the accompanying layout tables. Text fonts The Computer Modern fonts appropriate for straightforward text can be classified into the three families Roman, sans serif, and typewriter. Within each of these families there are upright, slanted, italic, small caps, and bold variants. Table G.1 presents the names of these fonts together with the NFSS family/series/shape assignments from Appendix A. They all have the same coding (OT1). The * in each name is the design size specification which takes on values of 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 17. Only cmr* is available in all these sizes, while some are only to be found in size 10. (This table contains much the same information as in Table A.3 on page 370 but in a different form.) One sees several apparent inconsistencies in these font names, such as cmti* for the italic upright font. Why is this not cmri*? The answer is that this is a text italic font, as opposed to the math italic font cmmi* described below. These inconsistences have arisen because the CM fonts were not created with the NFSS classification system in mind, since that was established a decade later.
G.2. Computer Modern fonts 491 Table G.1: Computer Modern text fonts Roman Sans serif Typewriter Family= cmr cmss cmtt Style Series/shape Upright m/n cmr* cmss* cmtt* ” slanted m/sl cmsl* cmssi* cmsltt* ” italic m/it cmti* — cmitt* ” small caps m/sc cmcsc* — cmtcsc* Bold b/m cmb* — — Bold extended bx/m cmbx* cmssbx* — ” ” slanted bx/sl cmbxsl* — — ” ” italic bx/it cmbxti* — — Further inconsistencies exist in the encoding schemes for the CM text fonts. They are all nominally OT1, but there are slight deviations among them. The proper OT1 encoding is displayed in Layout 1 on the next page for font cmr10. The text italic fonts are identical to the upright ones, except that the dollar sign in position 36 is replaced by the pound sign (Layout 3 for cmti10). The slanted fonts, on the other hand, are exactly the same as the upright ones. Other deviations are to be found in the small caps (Layout 2) and all the typewriter fonts (Layout 4). Math fonts The Computer Modern fonts provide three types of mathematical fonts, each with its own encoding scheme. The mathematical italic fonts cmmi* contain Latin and Greek letters, in upper and lower case, plus a number of extra symbols. Since variable names in formulas are set in italics, these are basically italic fonts. The encoding scheme is designated OML, for old math letters, and is displayed in Layout 5. It is available in design sizes 5–12 pt in normal weight, but only in 10 pt size in bold face, cmmib10. These fonts are used for the letters math alphabet of Section A.3.4. Symbol fonts cmsy* provide the rest of the math symbols for formulas, except for those that appear in variable sizes. The encoding scheme is named OMS for old math symbols and is shown in Layout 6. It comes in sizes 5–10 pt in normal weight, and in 10 pt size in bold face, cmbsy10. The symbols math alphabet uses these fonts. Variable sized symbols are to be found in the font cmex10, with encoding OMX, for old math extension. Layout 7 illustrates this set. There is no bold version of this font. It belongs to the largesymbols math alphabet of Section A.3.4.
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A Guide to LAT E X and Electronic P
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Trademark notices METAFONT is a tra
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viii Preface example, the section o
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x CONTENTS 4.6 Tabulator stops . .
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xii CONTENTS B The L AT E X Clockwo
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xiv CONTENTS H.22 A M S Greek and H
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1 1.1 Just what is L AT E X? To sum
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He took a {\bf bold step} forward.
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1.3. T E X and its offspring 7 Alth
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1.3. T E X and its offspring 9 Font
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1.5. Basics of a L AT E X file 11 v
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1.5. Basics of a L AT E X file 13 c
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1.6. T E X processing procedure 15
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2 Text, Symbols, and Commands The t
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2.2. Environments 19 a punctuation
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2.4. Lengths 21 Declarations made w
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2.5. Special characters 23 Instead
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2.5. Special characters 25 which de
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2.5.11 The date 2.6. Exercises 27 T
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2.7. Fine-tuning text 29 simply a s
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2.7. Fine-tuning text 31 Any combin
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\bigskip \medskip \smallskip 2.7. F
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2.8. Word division 35 that works (a
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3 3.1 Document class Document Layou
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3.1. Document class 39 pages and on
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3.1. Document class 41 space betwee
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The command \thispagestyle{style} 3
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3.2. Page style 45 In many classes,
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3.2. Page style 47 There is a recen
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3.2. Page style 49 forget the 1 inc
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3.2. Page style 51 As you see, the
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\title{% How to Write DVI Drivers}
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3.3.2 Abstract The abstract is prod
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3.3. Parts of the document 57 (The
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3.4. Table of contents 59 given at
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4 Displayed Text There are a variet
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\tiny smallest \scriptsize very sma
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4.1. Changing font 65 that a font e
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4.2 Centering and indenting 4.2.1 C
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4.3 Lists 4.3. Lists 69 Exercise 4.
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4.3. Lists 71 The \item[option] com
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4.3. Lists 73 label. For the enumer
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4.4. Generalized lists 75 However,
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4.4. Generalized lists 77 normally
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4.4. Generalized lists 79 item are
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4.6. Tabulator stops 81 which also
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4.6.4 Further tabbing commands 4.6.
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4.7. Boxes 85 tentative 2004 = $100
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4.7. Boxes 87 To make a framed box
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This is a 3.5 cm wide parbox. It is
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4.7. Boxes 91 The optional argument
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4.7. Boxes 93 contents as a unit wi
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4.8. Tables 95 This package also al
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4.8. Tables 97 If the left or right
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4.8. Tables 99 Position Club Games
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4.8. Tables 101 4 & Daysdon Bombers
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4.8. Tables 103 The \raisebox comma
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4.8. Tables 105 terminate the row i
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4.8. Tables 107 Package: The array
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Primary Energy Consumption 4.8. Tab
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4.9. Printing literal text 111 \ver
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4.10. Footnotes and marginal notes
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5 Mathematical Formulas Mathematics
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5.2. Main elements of math mode 121
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5.2.5 Sums and integrals 5.2. Main
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5.3.1 Greek letters 5.3. Mathematic
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5.3. Mathematical symbols 127 < \no
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5.3. Mathematical symbols 129 Some
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5.4. Additional elements 131 articl
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5.4.2 Ordinary text within a formul
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5.4. Additional elements 135 \[ \su
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123 a + b + · · · + y +z
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left formula & mid formula & right
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5.4. Additional elements 141 Exerci
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5.4. Additional elements 143 5.4.9
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5.5 Fine-tuning mathematics 5.5.1 H
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a0 + a1 + 1 a2 + 1 1 a3 + 1 a4 5.5.
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5.5. Fine-tuning mathematics 149 \a
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5.6. Beyond standard L AT E X 151 4
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154 Chapter 6. Graphics Inclusion a
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170 Chapter 7. Floating tables and
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182 Chapter 8. User Customizations
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9 Document Management This chapter
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9.1. Processing parts of a document
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9.1.3 Monitor input and output 9.1.
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9.2 In-text references 9.2. In-text
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9.2. In-text references 215 can be
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9.3. Bibliographies 217 by means of
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9.3. Bibliographies 219 by the last
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\bibitem [short(year)long] {key} .
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9.3. Bibliographies 223 sectionbib
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9.4 Keyword index 9.4. Keyword inde
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9.4. Keyword index 227 An entry may
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9.4. Keyword index 229 number of op
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10 PostScript and PDF PostScript is
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10.1. L AT E X and PostScript 233 A
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10.1. L AT E X and PostScript 235 T
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10.2. Portable Document Format 237
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252 Chapter 11. Multilingual L AT E
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258 Chapter 12. Math Extensions wit
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13 Drawing with LAT E X The inclusi
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13.1. The picture environment 289 w
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Picture boxes—rectangles 13.1. Th
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13.1. The picture environment 293 T
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\vector(∆x,∆y){length} 13.1. Th
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13.1. The picture environment 297 d
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\frame{pic elem} 13.1. The picture
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13.1. The picture environment 301 T
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13.2. Extended pictures 303 \matrix
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13.2. Extended pictures 305 The def
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13.3 Other drawing packages 13.3.1
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14 Bibliographic Databases and BIBT
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14.2. Creating a bibliographic data
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} note = {} 14.3. Customizing bibli
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15 Presentation Material So far we
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as \documentclass{slides} preamble
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15.1. Slide production with SLIT E
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15.1. Slide production with SLIT E
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15.2. Slide production with seminar
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Local configuration 15.2. Slide pro
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15.3. Electronic documents for scre
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15.4. Special effects with PDF 343
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Package: background \Replace pages
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352 Chapter 16. Letters in the prea
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354 Chapter 16. Letters A sample le
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356 Chapter 16. Letters without a c
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358 Chapter 16. Letters properly po
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360 Chapter 16. Letters \DeclareOpt
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362 Chapter 16. Letters {\viiisf\un
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364 Chapter 16. Letters \ifthenelse
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A The New Font Selection Scheme (NF
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A.1. Font attributes under NFSS 369
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A.2. Simplified font selection 371
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A.3.2 Defining font commands A.3. I
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A.3. Installing fonts with NFSS 375
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A.3. Installing fonts with NFSS 377
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\renewcommand{\rmdefault}{ptm} \ren
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B The LAT E X Clockwork In this app
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Figure B.1: The T E XLive welcome B
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B.1. Installing L AT E X 385 fontte
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B.2 Obtaining the Adobe euro fonts
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B.4. The CTAN server 389 dvipdfm (S
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B.5 Additional standard files B.5.
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B.5. Additional standard files 393
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B.5. Additional standard files 395
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B.6. The various L AT E X files 397
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B.6. The various L AT E X files 399
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C Error Messages Errors are bound t
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C.1. Basic structure of error messa
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C.2 Some sample errors C.2.1 Error
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C.2. Some sample errors 411 The las
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C.2. Some sample errors 413 message
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C.3. List of L AT E X error message
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! LaTeX Error: No \title given. C.3
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C.3.2 L AT E X package errors C.3.
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! Extra alignment tab has been chan
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C.4. T E X error messages 427 the t
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C.5. Warnings 429 the result of an
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LaTeX Warning: No \author given. C.
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C.5.3 L AT E X font warnings C.5. W
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C.6. Search for subtle errors 435 b
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D LAT E X Programming In this appen
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Page 471 and 472: The priest fulfills several functio
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Page 483 and 484: Integrity tests D.7. Managing code
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Page 488 and 489: 476 Appendix E. L AT E X and World
Page 496 and 497: 484 Appendix F. Obsolete L AT E X r
Page 498 and 499: 486 Appendix F. Obsolete L AT E X t
Page 500 and 501: 488 Appendix G. T E X Fonts or for
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Page 506 and 507: 494 Appendix G. T E X Fonts Package
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Page 518 and 519: 506 Appendix G. T E X Fonts viewing
Page 520 and 521: 508 Appendix H. Command Summary " .
Page 522 and 523: 510 Appendix H. Command Summary \<
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540 Appendix H. Command Summary \em
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542 Appendix H. Command Summary \fb
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544 Appendix H. Command Summary \fo
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546 Appendix H. Command Summary \gr
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548 Appendix H. Command Summary \hu
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550 Appendix H. Command Summary \in
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552 Appendix H. Command Summary \it
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554 Appendix H. Command Summary \le
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556 Appendix H. Command Summary \li
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558 Appendix H. Command Summary \Ma
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560 Appendix H. Command Summary \md
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562 Appendix H. Command Summary \ne
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564 Appendix H. Command Summary \no
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566 Appendix H. Command Summary \op
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568 Appendix H. Command Summary \pa
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570 Appendix H. Command Summary \pa
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572 Appendix H. Command Summary \Pr
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574 Appendix H. Command Summary \re
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576 Appendix H. Command Summary \ro
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578 Appendix H. Command Summary \se
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580 Appendix H. Command Summary \si
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582 Appendix H. Command Summary \su
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584 Appendix H. Command Summary \te
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586 Appendix H. Command Summary \te
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588 Appendix H. Command Summary top
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590 Appendix H. Command Summary \un
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592 Appendix H. Command Summary \va
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594 Appendix H. Command Summary \wi
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596 Appendix H. Command Summary Tab
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602 Appendix H. Command Summary ✲
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604 Appendix H. Command Summary Rem
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606 BIBLIOGRAPHY Knuth D. E. (1986e
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608 INDEX \= (¯ accent), 24, 510 \
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610 INDEX \Hat, 263, 546 \hdotsfor,
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612 INDEX creating, 311 cross-refer
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614 INDEX \chi, 125, 528 chicago pa
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616 INDEX \dbltextfloatsep, 172, 53
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618 INDEX e.tex, 394, 413 EC fonts,
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620 INDEX \exp, 128, 541 \expandaft
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622 INDEX cmr10 (standard), 492 cms
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624 INDEX Gaulle, Bernard, 251 \gcd
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626 INDEX initex, 6, 251, 253, 256,
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628 INDEX L AT E X standard, 351-6
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630 INDEX \mathscr, 284 \mathsf, 13
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632 INDEX \oint, 128, 565 \Omega, 1
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634 INDEX two-column, 38, 51 two-si
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636 INDEX plain page style, 42, 45,
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638 INDEX \rightharpoondown, 127, 5
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640 INDEX slide environment (slides
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642 INDEX column repetition, 96 col
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644 INDEX \texttt, 65, 88, 372, 585
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646 INDEX \varrho, 125, 591 \varsig
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