Guide to LaTeX (4th Edition) (Tools and Techniques

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450 Appendix D. L AT E X Programming tests if the next character is a star *, and if so, executes true, else false. It is used to define *-forms of commands and environments, something that still cannot be done at the high level. \@for \obj := \list \do {cmds} where \list is a command that is defined to be a list of elements separated by commas, and \obj is successively set equal to each of these elements while the code cmds is executed once for each element. For example, \newcommand{\set}{start,middle,end} \@for \xx:=\set \do {This is the \xx. } prints ‘This is the start. This is the middle. This is the end.’ D.2.11 Useful T E X commands Many of the most sophisticated features of L AT E X and its packages can only be ! programmed with the help of Plain T E X commands. These are described not only in The T E Xbook (Knuth, 1986a), but also in the excellent reference manual by Eijkhout (1992), T E X by Topic, a T E Xnician’s Reference. We do not intend this book to a manual for T E X; nevertheless, there are a few common T E X commands that appear in many packages, and even in the examples to follow. A brief description of what they do will aid the understanding of these codings. A true T E Xpert or T E Xnician can skip this section altogether. \def\cmd#1#2..{definition} is the standard defining command in T E X. It is the equivalent of \newcommand* except that there is no check for name clashes, and the arguments are specified differently. For example, a command \Exp to write scientific notation can be defined as \def\Exp#1#2{\ensuremath{#1\times10ˆ{#2}}} or as \newcommand*{\Exp}[2]{\ensuremath{#1\times10ˆ{#2}}} In both cases, \Exp{1.1}{4} produces 1.1 × 10 4 . However, \def can go further: it can put the arguments in a template, such as \def\Exp#1(#2){\ensuremath{#1\times10ˆ{#2}}} to allow the more convenient notation \Exp1.1(4), something that cannot be produced with \newcommand. The \def command is often used when a command is to be defined without knowing (or caring) whether its name already exists, or when a template is needed. \gdef \edef \xdef are variations on \def: the first makes a global definition, valid even outside the current environment or {..} bracketing; the second is an expanded definition, such that any commands in it have their meanings and not the command itself inserted in the definition; the last is a combination of the other two, expanded and global.
\noexpand \expandafter D.3. Sample packages 451 control the expansion of commands in definitions and execution. Any commands in the definition part of \edef are expanded (their meanings inserted) unless they have \noexpand before them. The opposite is achieved with \expandafter, which jumps over the following command, expands the next one, and then executes the one skipped. This is very deep T E Xnology, and is best illustrated by an example with the \Exp command defined above. \newcommand*{\mynums}{1.1(4)} \expandafter\Exp\mynums is identical to \Exp1.1(4), whereas \Exp\mynums is not; \mynums is expanded to 1.1(4) before \Exp is executed. \let\cmd a = \cmd b or \let\cmd a\cmd b makes \cmd a take on the current meaning of \cmd b. This is often employed to save the current meaning of a command before redefining it, possibly using the older meaning too. \relax does absolutely nothing, but it is often inserted in places where something should be but nothing is wanted. \ifcond true code \else false code \fi is the form of a T E X conditional. There are too many variations on the condition cond to explain here, but one common application is the equivalent of the L AT E X boolean switch commands: \newif\ifflag = \newboolean{flag} \flagtrue = \setboolean{flag}{true} \flagfalse = \setboolean{flag}{false} \ifflag ..\else..\fi = \ifthenelse{\boolean{flag}}{..}{..} For those who are used to it, the T E X form is more compact, but does not conform to the general L AT E X style of doing things. \ifcase num text 0 \or text 1 \or . . . \fi executes one of the text num according to the value of num. \endinput terminates the current file being input. This is not really necessary, but it is considered good programming to end all files this way. The main document file does not need it since \end{document} has the same effect. D.3 Sample packages We present here some demonstration packages to illustrate the programming commands of the previous section. These packages are not trivial and are all useful in their own right, even though their functionality is covered by others described in this book.
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A Guide to LAT E X and Electronic P
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Trademark notices METAFONT is a tra
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viii Preface example, the section o
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x CONTENTS 4.6 Tabulator stops . .
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xii CONTENTS B The L AT E X Clockwo
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xiv CONTENTS H.22 A M S Greek and H
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1 1.1 Just what is L AT E X? To sum
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He took a {\bf bold step} forward.
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1.3. T E X and its offspring 7 Alth
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1.3. T E X and its offspring 9 Font
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1.5. Basics of a L AT E X file 11 v
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1.5. Basics of a L AT E X file 13 c
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1.6. T E X processing procedure 15
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2 Text, Symbols, and Commands The t
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2.2. Environments 19 a punctuation
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2.4. Lengths 21 Declarations made w
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2.5. Special characters 23 Instead
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2.5. Special characters 25 which de
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2.5.11 The date 2.6. Exercises 27 T
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2.7. Fine-tuning text 29 simply a s
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2.7. Fine-tuning text 31 Any combin
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\bigskip \medskip \smallskip 2.7. F
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2.8. Word division 35 that works (a
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3 3.1 Document class Document Layou
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3.1. Document class 39 pages and on
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3.1. Document class 41 space betwee
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The command \thispagestyle{style} 3
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3.2. Page style 45 In many classes,
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3.2. Page style 47 There is a recen
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3.2. Page style 49 forget the 1 inc
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3.2. Page style 51 As you see, the
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\title{% How to Write DVI Drivers}
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3.3.2 Abstract The abstract is prod
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3.3. Parts of the document 57 (The
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3.4. Table of contents 59 given at
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4 Displayed Text There are a variet
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\tiny smallest \scriptsize very sma
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4.1. Changing font 65 that a font e
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4.2 Centering and indenting 4.2.1 C
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4.3 Lists 4.3. Lists 69 Exercise 4.
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4.3. Lists 71 The \item[option] com
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4.3. Lists 73 label. For the enumer
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4.4. Generalized lists 75 However,
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4.4. Generalized lists 77 normally
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4.4. Generalized lists 79 item are
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4.6. Tabulator stops 81 which also
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4.6.4 Further tabbing commands 4.6.
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4.7. Boxes 85 tentative 2004 = $100
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4.7. Boxes 87 To make a framed box
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This is a 3.5 cm wide parbox. It is
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4.7. Boxes 91 The optional argument
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4.7. Boxes 93 contents as a unit wi
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4.8. Tables 95 This package also al
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4.8. Tables 97 If the left or right
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4.8. Tables 99 Position Club Games
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4.8. Tables 101 4 & Daysdon Bombers
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4.8. Tables 103 The \raisebox comma
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4.8. Tables 105 terminate the row i
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4.8. Tables 107 Package: The array
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Primary Energy Consumption 4.8. Tab
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4.9. Printing literal text 111 \ver
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4.10. Footnotes and marginal notes
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5 Mathematical Formulas Mathematics
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5.2. Main elements of math mode 121
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5.2.5 Sums and integrals 5.2. Main
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5.3.1 Greek letters 5.3. Mathematic
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5.3. Mathematical symbols 127 < \no
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5.3. Mathematical symbols 129 Some
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5.4. Additional elements 131 articl
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5.4.2 Ordinary text within a formul
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5.4. Additional elements 135 \[ \su
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123 a + b + · · · + y +z
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left formula & mid formula & right
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5.4. Additional elements 141 Exerci
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5.4. Additional elements 143 5.4.9
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5.5 Fine-tuning mathematics 5.5.1 H
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a0 + a1 + 1 a2 + 1 1 a3 + 1 a4 5.5.
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5.5. Fine-tuning mathematics 149 \a
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5.6. Beyond standard L AT E X 151 4
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154 Chapter 6. Graphics Inclusion a
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170 Chapter 7. Floating tables and
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182 Chapter 8. User Customizations
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9 Document Management This chapter
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9.1. Processing parts of a document
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9.1.3 Monitor input and output 9.1.
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9.2 In-text references 9.2. In-text
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9.2. In-text references 215 can be
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9.3. Bibliographies 217 by means of
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9.3. Bibliographies 219 by the last
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\bibitem [short(year)long] {key} .
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9.3. Bibliographies 223 sectionbib
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9.4 Keyword index 9.4. Keyword inde
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9.4. Keyword index 227 An entry may
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9.4. Keyword index 229 number of op
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10 PostScript and PDF PostScript is
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10.1. L AT E X and PostScript 233 A
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10.1. L AT E X and PostScript 235 T
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10.2. Portable Document Format 237
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252 Chapter 11. Multilingual L AT E
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258 Chapter 12. Math Extensions wit
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13 Drawing with LAT E X The inclusi
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13.1. The picture environment 289 w
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Picture boxes—rectangles 13.1. Th
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13.1. The picture environment 293 T
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\vector(∆x,∆y){length} 13.1. Th
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13.1. The picture environment 297 d
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\frame{pic elem} 13.1. The picture
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13.1. The picture environment 301 T
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13.2. Extended pictures 303 \matrix
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13.2. Extended pictures 305 The def
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13.3 Other drawing packages 13.3.1
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14 Bibliographic Databases and BIBT
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14.2. Creating a bibliographic data
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} note = {} 14.3. Customizing bibli
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15 Presentation Material So far we
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as \documentclass{slides} preamble
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15.1. Slide production with SLIT E
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15.1. Slide production with SLIT E
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15.2. Slide production with seminar
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Local configuration 15.2. Slide pro
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15.3. Electronic documents for scre
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15.4. Special effects with PDF 343
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Package: background \Replace pages
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352 Chapter 16. Letters in the prea
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354 Chapter 16. Letters A sample le
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356 Chapter 16. Letters without a c
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358 Chapter 16. Letters properly po
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360 Chapter 16. Letters \DeclareOpt
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362 Chapter 16. Letters {\viiisf\un
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364 Chapter 16. Letters \ifthenelse
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A The New Font Selection Scheme (NF
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A.1. Font attributes under NFSS 369
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A.2. Simplified font selection 371
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A.3.2 Defining font commands A.3. I
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A.3. Installing fonts with NFSS 375
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A.3. Installing fonts with NFSS 377
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\renewcommand{\rmdefault}{ptm} \ren
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B The LAT E X Clockwork In this app
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Figure B.1: The T E XLive welcome B
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B.1. Installing L AT E X 385 fontte
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B.2 Obtaining the Adobe euro fonts
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B.4. The CTAN server 389 dvipdfm (S
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B.5 Additional standard files B.5.
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B.5. Additional standard files 393
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B.5. Additional standard files 395
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B.6. The various L AT E X files 397
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Page 413 and 414: C Error Messages Errors are bound t
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Page 449 and 450: D LAT E X Programming In this appen
Page 451 and 452: D.1. Class and package files 439 \p
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Page 461: \begin{filecontents}{mymacros} \new
Page 465 and 466: D.3. Sample packages 453 \setboolea
Page 467 and 468: D.3. Sample packages 455 \newcomman
Page 469 and 470: D.3. Sample packages 457 sec-name:
Page 471 and 472: The priest fulfills several functio
Page 473 and 474: \ifcase command (page 451). D.5. Di
Page 475 and 476: D.7. Managing code and documentatio
Page 481 and 482: \StopEventually{final text} D.7. Ma
Page 483 and 484: Integrity tests D.7. Managing code
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Page 488 and 489: 476 Appendix E. L AT E X and World
Page 496 and 497: 484 Appendix F. Obsolete L AT E X r
Page 498 and 499: 486 Appendix F. Obsolete L AT E X t
Page 500 and 501: 488 Appendix G. T E X Fonts or for
Page 502 and 503: 490 Appendix G. T E X Fonts A book
Page 504 and 505: 492 Appendix G. T E X Fonts 0 1 2 3
Page 506 and 507: 494 Appendix G. T E X Fonts Package
Page 508 and 509: 496 Appendix G. T E X Fonts 0 1 2 3
Page 510 and 511: 498 Appendix G. T E X Fonts The pri
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500 Appendix G. T E X Fonts 0 1 2 3
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502 Appendix G. T E X Fonts 0 1 2 3
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504 Appendix G. T E X Fonts own. Th
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506 Appendix G. T E X Fonts viewing
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508 Appendix H. Command Summary " .
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510 Appendix H. Command Summary \<
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512 Appendix H. Command Summary \a=
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514 Appendix H. Command Summary \ap
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516 Appendix H. Command Summary \be
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520 Appendix H. Command Summary whi
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526 Appendix H. Command Summary \bm
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528 Appendix H. Command Summary \ch
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530 Appendix H. Command Summary \co
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532 Appendix H. Command Summary \db
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534 Appendix H. Command Summary \De
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536 Appendix H. Command Summary \De
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538 Appendix H. Command Summary \dh
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540 Appendix H. Command Summary \em
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542 Appendix H. Command Summary \fb
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544 Appendix H. Command Summary \fo
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546 Appendix H. Command Summary \gr
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548 Appendix H. Command Summary \hu
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550 Appendix H. Command Summary \in
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552 Appendix H. Command Summary \it
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554 Appendix H. Command Summary \le
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556 Appendix H. Command Summary \li
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558 Appendix H. Command Summary \Ma
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560 Appendix H. Command Summary \md
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562 Appendix H. Command Summary \ne
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564 Appendix H. Command Summary \no
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566 Appendix H. Command Summary \op
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568 Appendix H. Command Summary \pa
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570 Appendix H. Command Summary \pa
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572 Appendix H. Command Summary \Pr
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574 Appendix H. Command Summary \re
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576 Appendix H. Command Summary \ro
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578 Appendix H. Command Summary \se
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580 Appendix H. Command Summary \si
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582 Appendix H. Command Summary \su
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584 Appendix H. Command Summary \te
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586 Appendix H. Command Summary \te
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588 Appendix H. Command Summary top
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590 Appendix H. Command Summary \un
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592 Appendix H. Command Summary \va
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594 Appendix H. Command Summary \wi
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596 Appendix H. Command Summary Tab
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602 Appendix H. Command Summary ✲
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604 Appendix H. Command Summary Rem
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606 BIBLIOGRAPHY Knuth D. E. (1986e
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608 INDEX \= (¯ accent), 24, 510 \
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610 INDEX \Hat, 263, 546 \hdotsfor,
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612 INDEX creating, 311 cross-refer
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614 INDEX \chi, 125, 528 chicago pa
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616 INDEX \dbltextfloatsep, 172, 53
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618 INDEX e.tex, 394, 413 EC fonts,
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620 INDEX \exp, 128, 541 \expandaft
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622 INDEX cmr10 (standard), 492 cms
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624 INDEX Gaulle, Bernard, 251 \gcd
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626 INDEX initex, 6, 251, 253, 256,
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628 INDEX L AT E X standard, 351-6
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630 INDEX \mathscr, 284 \mathsf, 13
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632 INDEX \oint, 128, 565 \Omega, 1
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634 INDEX two-column, 38, 51 two-si
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636 INDEX plain page style, 42, 45,
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638 INDEX \rightharpoondown, 127, 5
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640 INDEX slide environment (slides
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642 INDEX column repetition, 96 col
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644 INDEX \texttt, 65, 88, 372, 585
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646 INDEX \varrho, 125, 591 \varsig
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