The life of George Stephenson, railway engineer - Lighthouse ...

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66 LIFE OF GEORGE STEPHENSON. [chap. vn. and improvements the internal communications of the civilized world. The circumstance is encouraging to those who, like Mr. Turner, are still daily devoting themselves with equal disin- terestedness to the education of the working-classes in our schools and mechanics' institutes. Though the opportunity of lending a helping hand to such men as George Stephenson may but rarely occur, yet the labours of such teachers are never without excellent results.
CHAP. -vai.] COLLIERY EAILEOADS, 1630—1772. 67 CHAPTER Vin. THE BEGINNINGS OF KAILWATS AND tOCOMOTIVES. Railways, like most other important inventions, had very humble beginnings. The first railway, properly so called, con- sisted of a rude line of wooden or iron rails, laid down for the easier guidance of wagons in which coal was hauled from the pit to the shipping place. This germ of the modem railroad, planted by some unknown hand, grew to maturity gradually and slowly. Progress, in this as in almost all branches of mechanics, was effected through the exertions of many ; one gener- ation, entering upon the labours of that which preceded it, and carrying onwards their improvements. There is, doubtless, a vast difference between the old road track, on which pack-horses carried the main traffic of the country down to a comparatively recent date, and the modern railroad worked by powerful locomotives ; yet the change was effected by comparatively easy stages. From an early period the growing trade and commerce of the country demanded con- stantly increased facilities for the transport of heavy articles. This was especially necessary in the mining districts, where it is to be observed that nearly all the modern improvements in road- making have had their origin.* The prime object of all the improvements made in the road was, so to diminish friction by increasing the smoothness of the surface, that the haulage of the coal-wagons by horses should be rendered as easy as possible. With this object, wooden rails were first laid down by one * " We owe," said Captain Laws, " all our railways to the collieries in the North ; and the difficulty which their industry overcame, taught us to make Evidence upon (lie Gauge railways, and to make locomotives to work them." Commission, 1S45. —
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— NOTICES FROM THE ENGLISH PRESS.
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