A glossary of mining and metallurgical terms

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82 A GLOSSARY OF MINING AND METALLURGICAL TERMS. Stamp-mill. An apparatus (also the building containing the apparatus) in which rock is crushed by descending pestles (stamps), operated by water or steam-power. Amalgamation is usually com- bined with the crushing when gold or silver is the metal sought, but copper and tin-ores, etc, are stamped to prepare them for dressing. Stamps, S. Wales. The pieces into which the rough bars shin- gled from the finery ball are broken, to be piled for subsequent roll- ino; into sheet-iron. Stamp-worh, Lake Sup. Rock containing disseminated native copper. Stanchion. See Leg. Standage, Eng. A large sump, or more than one, acting as a reservoir. Stannary. A tin-mine or tin-works. Station. 1. ^ee Piatt. 2. Also, a similar enlargement of shaft or level to receive a balance-bub {bob-station), pump (pump-station), or tank (tank-station). Steamboat-coal, Pexn. See Coal. Steam-coal. See Coal. Steel. A compound or alloy of iron, principally with carbon, which may be cast, forged, hardened, and tempered. Ordinary steel contains from 0.5 to 1.5 per cent, of carbon. More carbon makes cast-iron ; less carbon, wrought-iron. But this classification is not now strictly adequate or applicable, either to the scientific or to the commercial use of the term. The so-called inild or low or structural steels (low in carbon, and hence relatively soft and tough), as com- pared with higJi or hard or tool steels, do not always harden or temper. An international committee appointed by the American Institute of Mining Engineers has recommended the use of the fol- lowing classification : 1. That all malleable compounds of iron with its ordinary ingredients, which are aggregated from pasty masses, or from piles, or from any forms of iron not in a fluid state, and which will not sensibly harden and temper, and which generally resemble what is called " wrought-iron," shall be called iceld-iron (Germ., Schweissei- sen ; FR.,fer sonde). 2. That such compounds, when they will from any cause harden and temper, and which resemble what is now called " puddled steel," shall be called u-eld-steel (Germ., Schiveisssfahl ; Fii.,acier sonde). 3. That all compounds of iron with its ordinary ingredients, which have been cast from a fluid state into malleable masses, and which
A GLOSSARY OF MINING AND METALLURGICAL TER>[S. 83 will not sensibly harden by being quenched in water while at a red heat, shall be called ingot-iron (Germ., Flusseisen ; Fr., fer fondu). i. That all such compounds, when they will from any cause so harden, shall be called ingot-steel (Germ., J^lussstahl ; Fr., acier fondu). This projiosed classification does not cover ordinary c^st or pig iron. It is a classification of the jnalleable compounds only. The Institute has recommended its use in papers and discussions, except as to the term loeld, for which a substitute was desired, and meanwhile the continuance of the old term wrought, though in a somewhat wider significance, was suggested. The resolution of the Institute concludes as follows : " It being understood that the ingot-iron and ingot-steel of this classification constitute, taken together, what is now commer- cially known as cast-steel, including the so-called low or soft cast- steels." Bessemer-steel is made by decarburizing cast iron in a con- verter. (See Bessemer process.) Blister or cement-steel h made by car- burizing wrought iron bars by packing them in charcoal powder and heating without access of air. It is melted in crucibles to cast-steel, or hammered {tilted) to shear-steel (for cutlery, etc.), or rolled to spring- steel. Paddled steel is made by arresting the puddling process before wrought iron has been produced, and thus retaining enough carbon in the bath to constitute steel. Natural steel is a similar product, obtained from the refining of cast-iron. Crucible cast-steel is steel made by the fusion in crucibles, either of blister-steel, or puddled steel, or steel-scrap, or other ingredients and fluxes which will produce the desired quality. Cast-steel in its widest sense, as now employed, comprises all malleable compounds of iron produced by fusion, including therefore the Bessemer and open-hearth metal. Open-hearth, called also Martin-Siemens steel, is made in the reverberatory furnace (almost invariably a gas-furnace on the Siemens regenerative system, since an intense temperature is required) by the reaction, in the fused bath, of cast-iron with wrought-iron, iron-oxide, or iron ore. At a certain stage of the process a deoxidizing or recarburizing agent {spiegeleisen, ferromanganese)j is added. Chrome-steel is a crucible cast-steel in which chromium is a constituent. Tungsten or Wolf- ram-steel is a steel containing tungsten. Phosphorus-steel is a steel in which the amount of phosphorus exceeds that of carbon. Damas- cus-steel is a laminated mixture of steel and wrought iron. India- steel or Wootz is manufactured in India direct from the ore. hole. Stemmer, Xewc. See Tamping-bar. Stemming, Xewc. The tamping put above the charge in a bore
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A glossary of mining and metallurgical terms

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