THE UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Eric Snively A ... - Ohio University

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vertical MT II articulation - proximal edge of gingly mus gingly mus attenuation of MT I
Figure 2.1 1. Left MT III of Elmisaurus sp. (TMP:PJC). a) Anterior view. Distinguishing characteristics include: renifom ginglyrnus; subtriangular flexor insertion; and taIl unpinctied portion of metatarsal shaft b) Posterior view. Notable morphological traits include:midsagittaly Ridined ridges on posterior extension of ginglymus; wide proximal expansion of metatarsal; proximal osteological fusion of MT III with MT II.
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THE UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Functiona
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Many figures in this thesis use col
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ACKNOWLEûGEM ENTS Many friends and
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Approval page Acknowledgements Tabi
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CONCLUDING COMMENTS Figures for Cha
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CHAPTER 5: Mechanical and phylogene
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 .l. Phylog
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Figure 3.6. Osteological correlates
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AMNH GI HMN IVPP MOR NMC OMNH PIN P
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and constructional morphology revea
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1985, Bryant and Seymour 1990). If
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surfaces of a Tyrannosaurus rex spe
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3. Troodontidae (Figure 1.2): Trwdo
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Hypothesized functions of the tyran
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1. Atomization (Chapters 2 and 3).
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Figure 1.1. P hylogenetic diagram o
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Figure 1.2. Phylogenetic diagram of
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Figure 1 .S. Skeletal restorations
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did not quantify the degree of prox
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qualitative debate over arctometata
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This hypothesis focuses on tyrannos
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Table 2.1. Theropod and Plafeosauru
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specimens in the figures reflects a
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were not attempted. While this limi
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Chapter 3). 1 now address variation
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- Ç6'P 1 68'€tr 1 L'OC 99'66 L'9
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Table 2.3: Log-transformed values f
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Page 68 and 69: ) Shaf€ and region of proximal ar
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Page 74 and 75: measurements of width pV2S%TU-DE an
Page 76 and 77: Table 2.4b Variancelmeasurement eac
Page 78 and 79: the largest sum of linear measureme
Page 80 and 81: Table 2.5: Specimen statistics Herr
Page 82 and 83: and Sinraptor dongi specimens. With
Page 84 and 85: In addition, a hook like proximal a
Page 86 and 87: oth physical narrowing and elongati
Page 88 and 89: 1s the MT 111 shape segregation fun
Page 90 and 91: tyrannosaurids, ornithomimid, and t
Page 92 and 93: proximal constriction, white EImisa
Page 95: Figure 2.2. Tyrannosaurid, trwdonti
Page 99: Figure 2.4. Dromaeosaurid and carno
Page 102 and 103: - Anterior (flexor) surface medial
Page 105 and 106: Figure 2.7. Left MT III of Tyrannos
Page 107 and 108: Figure 2.8. Left MT III of Gorgosau
Page 109 and 110: Figure 2.9. Left MT III of an omith
Page 111: Figure 2.10. Left metatarsus of Tmd
Page 115 and 116: Figure 2.12. Right MT III of Deinon
Page 117 and 118: Figure 2.13. Left MT III of Allosau
Page 119 and 120: Figure 2.14. Left metatarsus of Sin
Page 121 and 122: Figure 2.15. Plots of MT Ill specir
Page 123: Figure 2.16. Plot of third metatars
Page 126 and 127: tv . ... . Ri. . . .
Page 129 and 130: Figure 2.19. Plot of third metatars
Page 131 and 132: CHAPTER 3: Tensile keystone model o
Page 133 and 134: dynamically transmitted Iommotor fo
Page 135 and 136: Table 3.1 . Metatarsi examined in t
Page 137 and 138: interrnetatarsal dynamics in these
Page 139 and 140: compelled analysis of movement evid
Page 141 and 142: Once prepared, TMP 94.1 2.602 and i
Page 143 and 144: Daspletosaurus tomsus (MOR 590), an
Page 145 and 146: 2. Freedom of movement inferred fro
Page 147 and 148: Table 3.2. Surface areas of intemet
Page 149 and 150: phylogenetic bracketing Wtmer 1995)
Page 151 and 152: 4) Forces from anterior displacerne
Page 153 and 154: e expected for tyrannosaurid interm
Page 155 and 156: The preceding discussion derives fr
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Page 159: Figure 3.1. Schematic representatio
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Figure 3.3. CT reconstruction of ri
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Figure 3.5. MT II (left element) an
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Figure 3.1 1 ae. The metatarsal rec
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Figure 3.13. Ligament contribution
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Figure 3.15. Anatorny of the equid
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Figure 3.16. Cornparison of loading
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(nodes), and solving stresslstrain
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The practicality of the finite elem
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collective density of trabeculae (K
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A FORCE INPUTS AND MATERIAL PROPERT
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Alexander et al. (1 979) rewrded a
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The preceding loading regime entait
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detemined by using the photographic
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2. Preparation of data for contour
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. - Elastic modulus (GP4 Ex EY Ez P
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conversion. Volume-to-nuages facili
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maintained. An angle of 2 degrees p
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of MT III (Figure 4.4, pinpointed b
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anterodorsal rotation of the distal
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allowed to stretch slightly under t
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Figure 4.1. Initial loads and bound
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Figure 4.3. Finite element mesh of
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Figure 4.5. Strain distribution in
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CHAPTER 5: Mechanical and evolution
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y distal intermetatarsal ligaments,
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Probable fundion of the tyrannosaur
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Ornitholestes, and camosaurs) incre
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morphology matches in degree the co
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discussion elucidates the evolution
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face of the skull met part of the m
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Alternately, a morphological novelt
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outgroup to ail theropods, and the
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convincingly evident in figures of
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parsimonious scenarios are outlined
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dromaeosaurids], and a dade compris
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arctometatarsalian forrns. The conv
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Proximal intermetatarsal ligaments
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witti a surfeit of potentially supp
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Figure 5.2. Phylogeny of the Therop
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Bock W.J. and von Wahlert G. Evolut
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Cume P.J. 1997. Theropoda. In: Fari
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Grenard S. 1991. Handbook of Alliga
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Liem K.F. and Osse J.W.M. 1975. Bio
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Richtsmeier J.T. and Cheverud J.M.
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Woo S., Maynard J., Butler O. 1987.
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Different variables in a PCA will h
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THE UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Eric Snively A ... - Ohio University

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