THE UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Eric Snively A ... - Ohio University

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proximal constriction, white EImisaunts has a shorter nmow proximal portion of the metatarsal. The Elmisaurus MT III jacks the marked plantar constriction of other aretometatarsalian forms. The MT III of tyrannosaurids is unusual in its crescentic proximal expansion, which was not revealed by PCA in this study. This variation in metatarsal morphology obviates generalized functional inferences about the arctometatarsus, beyond the energy transference hypothesis (Wilson and Currie 1985, Holtz 1994a) in forrns with unfused metatarsals. The homogeneity of the tyrannosaurid specirnens promises applicability of targeted hypotheses relevant to al1 members of that clade. Testing hypotheses of pedal fundion in tyrannosaurids will provide rigorous methodological and theoretical context for revisiting other morphologies (Chapter 5). 1 now examine the fundonal morphdogy of the tyrannosaurid arctometatarsus, and compare its structure with that of possible extant analogs (Chapter 3).
Figure 2.1. Specimens from figures in the literature employed in description and Principal Components Analysis. Figures were deemed sufficiently clear for measurement, Specimens are pictured in the order they are mentioned in the text. Scale bar-lOcm. a. Tarbosaurus bataar (left; after Maleev 1974). b. Gorgosaurus Iibratus (right; after Hok 1994a). c. Ornitholestes hermani (left; after Paul 1 988). d. Segnosaunrs ghalbinensis (right; after Perle 1979). e. Allosaunrs (Saurophaganax) maximus (la; after Chure 1993). f. Etaphrosaurus bambergi (left; after Janench 1925, Barsbold and Osmolska 1990). g. Henerasaurus ischigualastensis (right; after Reig 1963). h. Plateosaurus engelhardfi (left; after Heune 1907-1 908).
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THE UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Functiona
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Many figures in this thesis use col
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ACKNOWLEûGEM ENTS Many friends and
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Approval page Acknowledgements Tabi
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CONCLUDING COMMENTS Figures for Cha
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CHAPTER 5: Mechanical and phylogene
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 .l. Phylog
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Figure 3.6. Osteological correlates
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AMNH GI HMN IVPP MOR NMC OMNH PIN P
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and constructional morphology revea
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1985, Bryant and Seymour 1990). If
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surfaces of a Tyrannosaurus rex spe
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3. Troodontidae (Figure 1.2): Trwdo
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Hypothesized functions of the tyran
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1. Atomization (Chapters 2 and 3).
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Figure 1.1. P hylogenetic diagram o
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Figure 1.2. Phylogenetic diagram of
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Page 41: Figure 1 .S. Skeletal restorations
Page 44 and 45: did not quantify the degree of prox
Page 46 and 47: qualitative debate over arctometata
Page 48 and 49: This hypothesis focuses on tyrannos
Page 50 and 51: Table 2.1. Theropod and Plafeosauru
Page 52 and 53: specimens in the figures reflects a
Page 54 and 55: were not attempted. While this limi
Page 56 and 57: Chapter 3). 1 now address variation
Page 58 and 59: - Ç6'P 1 68'€tr 1 L'OC 99'66 L'9
Page 60 and 61: Table 2.3: Log-transformed values f
Page 62 and 63: experiences a sharp laterally indin
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Page 66 and 67: arctometatarsalian specimens, the l
Page 68 and 69: ) Shaf€ and region of proximal ar
Page 70 and 71: a) Ginglymus. Figure 2.14 shows the
Page 72 and 73: ) Shaft and region of proximal arti
Page 74 and 75: measurements of width pV2S%TU-DE an
Page 76 and 77: Table 2.4b Variancelmeasurement eac
Page 78 and 79: the largest sum of linear measureme
Page 80 and 81: Table 2.5: Specimen statistics Herr
Page 82 and 83: and Sinraptor dongi specimens. With
Page 84 and 85: In addition, a hook like proximal a
Page 86 and 87: oth physical narrowing and elongati
Page 88 and 89: 1s the MT 111 shape segregation fun
Page 90 and 91: tyrannosaurids, ornithomimid, and t
Page 95: Figure 2.2. Tyrannosaurid, trwdonti
Page 99: Figure 2.4. Dromaeosaurid and carno
Page 102 and 103: - Anterior (flexor) surface medial
Page 105 and 106: Figure 2.7. Left MT III of Tyrannos
Page 107 and 108: Figure 2.8. Left MT III of Gorgosau
Page 109 and 110: Figure 2.9. Left MT III of an omith
Page 111 and 112: Figure 2.10. Left metatarsus of Tmd
Page 113 and 114: Figure 2.1 1. Left MT III of Elmisa
Page 115 and 116: Figure 2.12. Right MT III of Deinon
Page 117 and 118: Figure 2.13. Left MT III of Allosau
Page 119 and 120: Figure 2.14. Left metatarsus of Sin
Page 121 and 122: Figure 2.15. Plots of MT Ill specir
Page 123: Figure 2.16. Plot of third metatars
Page 126 and 127: tv . ... . Ri. . . .
Page 129 and 130: Figure 2.19. Plot of third metatars
Page 131 and 132: CHAPTER 3: Tensile keystone model o
Page 133 and 134: dynamically transmitted Iommotor fo
Page 135 and 136: Table 3.1 . Metatarsi examined in t
Page 137 and 138: interrnetatarsal dynamics in these
Page 139 and 140: compelled analysis of movement evid
Page 141 and 142: Once prepared, TMP 94.1 2.602 and i
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Daspletosaurus tomsus (MOR 590), an
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2. Freedom of movement inferred fro
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Table 3.2. Surface areas of intemet
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phylogenetic bracketing Wtmer 1995)
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4) Forces from anterior displacerne
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e expected for tyrannosaurid interm
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The preceding discussion derives fr
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weapons sparring), and the arctomet
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Figure 3.1. Schematic representatio
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Figure 3.3. CT reconstruction of ri
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Figure 3.5. MT II (left element) an
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Figure 3.1 1 ae. The metatarsal rec
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Figure 3.13. Ligament contribution
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Figure 3.15. Anatorny of the equid
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Figure 3.16. Cornparison of loading
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(nodes), and solving stresslstrain
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The practicality of the finite elem
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collective density of trabeculae (K
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A FORCE INPUTS AND MATERIAL PROPERT
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Alexander et al. (1 979) rewrded a
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The preceding loading regime entait
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detemined by using the photographic
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2. Preparation of data for contour
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. - Elastic modulus (GP4 Ex EY Ez P
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conversion. Volume-to-nuages facili
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maintained. An angle of 2 degrees p
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of MT III (Figure 4.4, pinpointed b
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anterodorsal rotation of the distal
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allowed to stretch slightly under t
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Figure 4.1. Initial loads and bound
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Figure 4.3. Finite element mesh of
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Figure 4.5. Strain distribution in
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CHAPTER 5: Mechanical and evolution
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y distal intermetatarsal ligaments,
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Probable fundion of the tyrannosaur
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Ornitholestes, and camosaurs) incre
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morphology matches in degree the co
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discussion elucidates the evolution
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face of the skull met part of the m
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Alternately, a morphological novelt
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outgroup to ail theropods, and the
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convincingly evident in figures of
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parsimonious scenarios are outlined
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dromaeosaurids], and a dade compris
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arctometatarsalian forrns. The conv
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Proximal intermetatarsal ligaments
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witti a surfeit of potentially supp
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Figure 5.2. Phylogeny of the Therop
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Bock W.J. and von Wahlert G. Evolut
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Cume P.J. 1997. Theropoda. In: Fari
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Grenard S. 1991. Handbook of Alliga
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Liem K.F. and Osse J.W.M. 1975. Bio
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Richtsmeier J.T. and Cheverud J.M.
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Woo S., Maynard J., Butler O. 1987.
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Different variables in a PCA will h
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THE UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Eric Snively A ... - Ohio University

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