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Liem K.F. and Osse J.W.M. 1975. Biological versatility, evolution, and food resource exploitation in African cichlid fishes. Am. Zool. 1 5427-454. Lombard P.E., Marx H. and Rabb G.B.. 1986. Morphornetrics of the ectopterygoid bone in advanced Snakes (Colubroidea): a concordance of shape and phylogeny. BioL J. iinn. Soc. 27: 133-161. Maddison W.P., Donoghue M.J., and Maddison D.R. 1984. Outgroup analysis and parsimony. Syst. Zool. 33:83-103. Madsen J.A. 1976. Allosaurus fragilis: a revised osteology. Utah Geol. Min. Surv. 109: 163 pp. Maleev E.A. 1974. Giant carnivorous dinosaurs of the family Tyrannosauridae. Sovm. Sov.-Mong. Paleontol. Exped. Trudy 1 :l3l-l9l. Maloiy G.M.O., Alexander R.M., Njau R. and Jayes AS. 1979. Allometry of the legs of running birds. J. Zool., Lond. 187: 161 -1 67. Martin R.B. Burr D.A., and Sharkey N A 1 998. Skeletal Tissue Mechanics. Springer-Verlag. New York. Maryanska T. 1997. Segnosaurs (Therizinosaurs). In: Farlow J.O. and Brett- Surrnan M.K. (eds.) The Complete Dinosaur. Indiana University Press. Bloomington. pp. 234-241. McGregor L. 2000. Locomotor morphology of Anolis: Comparative investigations of the design and function of the subdigital adhesive system. Thesis. The University of Calgary. i-xvi + 397 pp. McKinley J.W. and Mardis LD. 1985. Strength of materiats. In: Blake, A. (Ed.) Handbook of Mechanics, Matenals, and Structures. John WiIey & Sons. New York. Moss M.L. 1985. The application of the finite element method to the analysis of craniofacial growth and form. Acta Morph. Ne&-Scand. 23:323-356. Moss M.L. 1988. Finite elernent method cornparison of murine mandibular form differences. J. Craniofaclal Genetics and Dev. Biol. 8:3-20. Nicholis E.L. and Russell A.P. 1985. Structure and fundon of the pectoral girdle and forelimb of Struthiomimus altus (Theropoda: Omithomimidae). Palentology 28: 638-667. Norman D. B. 1985. The lllusfrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs Crescent Books. New York. 208 pp.
Novas F.E. 1993. New information on the systernatics and posteranial skeleton of Herferasaurus ischiguaiastensis (Theropoda: Herrerasauridae) from the IschiguaIasto Formation of Argentina. J. Vert. Paleont. l3:4OO423. Ostrom J.H. 1969. Osteology of ûeinonychus antirrhopus, an unusual theropad from the Lower Cretaceous of Montana. Peabody Mus. Nat. Hjst Bull. 30:l-165. Paul G.S. 1988. P redatory Dinosaurs of fhe Worid. Simon and Schuster. New York. 403 pp, Paul G.S. 1997. Dinosaur models: the goad, the bad, and using them to reconstnict the mass of dinosaurs and other extinct vertebrates. In: Wolberg DL., Stump E. and Rosenberg T. (eds.) Dinofest International: Proceedings of a Symposium held at Arizona State Unive~ity. The Acaderny of Natural Sciences. Philadalphia. pp. 129-154. Perle A. 1979. SegnosauridaeA new famity of theropods from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia. Sovm. Sov.-Mong. Paieontol. Exped. Trudy 8:45-55. Pielou E. C. 1984. The lnterpretation of Biologicai Data: A Primer on Classification and Ordination. John Wley & Sons. New York. 263 pp. Pimentel R.A 1 979. Morphometics: The Multivanate Analysis of Biological Data. KendaIllHunt. Dubuque. Pollock C. 1991. The relationship between body mass and the capacity for storage of elastic strain energy in mammalian Iimb tendons. mesis. The University of Calgary. i-xiii + 1 ûû pp. Poplewski R. von 1936. Biamechanik des Carpus bei Equiden. Anat Anz. 81: 33341. Rayfield J.E. 1999. A thtee dimensional madel of the skull of Allosaurus fragilis analyzed using finite element analysis. J. Ved. Paleont (Supptement to 3):69A. Reig O.A. 1963. La presencia de dinosaurios saurisquios en los "Estrados de Ischigualaston (Mesotnasico superior) de las Provincias de San Juan y La Rioja (Republica Argentina). Ameghiniana 3:3-20. Rensberger J.M. 1995. Determination of stresses in mammalian dental enamel and their relevance to the interpretation offeeding behavior in extinct taxa. In: Thornason J.J. (ed.) Fundional Morphology in Vertebrate Paleontoiogy. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. pp. 151 -1 72.
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THE UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Functiona
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Many figures in this thesis use col
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ACKNOWLEûGEM ENTS Many friends and
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Approval page Acknowledgements Tabi
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CONCLUDING COMMENTS Figures for Cha
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CHAPTER 5: Mechanical and phylogene
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 .l. Phylog
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Figure 3.6. Osteological correlates
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AMNH GI HMN IVPP MOR NMC OMNH PIN P
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and constructional morphology revea
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1985, Bryant and Seymour 1990). If
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surfaces of a Tyrannosaurus rex spe
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3. Troodontidae (Figure 1.2): Trwdo
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Hypothesized functions of the tyran
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1. Atomization (Chapters 2 and 3).
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Figure 1.1. P hylogenetic diagram o
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Figure 1.2. Phylogenetic diagram of
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Figure 1 .S. Skeletal restorations
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did not quantify the degree of prox
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qualitative debate over arctometata
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This hypothesis focuses on tyrannos
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Table 2.1. Theropod and Plafeosauru
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specimens in the figures reflects a
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were not attempted. While this limi
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Chapter 3). 1 now address variation
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- Ç6'P 1 68'€tr 1 L'OC 99'66 L'9
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Table 2.3: Log-transformed values f
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experiences a sharp laterally indin
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ecause it can be cursorily dassifie
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arctometatarsalian specimens, the l
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) Shaf€ and region of proximal ar
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a) Ginglymus. Figure 2.14 shows the
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) Shaft and region of proximal arti
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measurements of width pV2S%TU-DE an
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Table 2.4b Variancelmeasurement eac
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the largest sum of linear measureme
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Table 2.5: Specimen statistics Herr
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and Sinraptor dongi specimens. With
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In addition, a hook like proximal a
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oth physical narrowing and elongati
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1s the MT 111 shape segregation fun
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tyrannosaurids, ornithomimid, and t
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proximal constriction, white EImisa
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Figure 2.2. Tyrannosaurid, trwdonti
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Figure 2.4. Dromaeosaurid and carno
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- Anterior (flexor) surface medial
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Figure 2.7. Left MT III of Tyrannos
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Figure 2.8. Left MT III of Gorgosau
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Figure 2.9. Left MT III of an omith
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Figure 2.10. Left metatarsus of Tmd
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Figure 2.1 1. Left MT III of Elmisa
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Figure 2.12. Right MT III of Deinon
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Figure 2.13. Left MT III of Allosau
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Figure 2.14. Left metatarsus of Sin
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Figure 2.15. Plots of MT Ill specir
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Figure 2.16. Plot of third metatars
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tv . ... . Ri. . . .
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Figure 2.19. Plot of third metatars
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CHAPTER 3: Tensile keystone model o
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dynamically transmitted Iommotor fo
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Table 3.1 . Metatarsi examined in t
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interrnetatarsal dynamics in these
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compelled analysis of movement evid
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Once prepared, TMP 94.1 2.602 and i
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Daspletosaurus tomsus (MOR 590), an
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2. Freedom of movement inferred fro
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Table 3.2. Surface areas of intemet
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phylogenetic bracketing Wtmer 1995)
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4) Forces from anterior displacerne
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e expected for tyrannosaurid interm
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The preceding discussion derives fr
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weapons sparring), and the arctomet
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Figure 3.1. Schematic representatio
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Figure 3.3. CT reconstruction of ri
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Figure 3.5. MT II (left element) an
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Figure 3.1 1 ae. The metatarsal rec
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Figure 3.13. Ligament contribution
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Figure 3.15. Anatorny of the equid
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Figure 3.16. Cornparison of loading
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(nodes), and solving stresslstrain
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The practicality of the finite elem
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collective density of trabeculae (K
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A FORCE INPUTS AND MATERIAL PROPERT
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Alexander et al. (1 979) rewrded a
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The preceding loading regime entait
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detemined by using the photographic
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2. Preparation of data for contour
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. - Elastic modulus (GP4 Ex EY Ez P
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conversion. Volume-to-nuages facili
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maintained. An angle of 2 degrees p
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of MT III (Figure 4.4, pinpointed b
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anterodorsal rotation of the distal
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allowed to stretch slightly under t
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Figure 4.1. Initial loads and bound
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Figure 4.3. Finite element mesh of
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Figure 4.5. Strain distribution in
Page 236 and 237: CHAPTER 5: Mechanical and evolution
Page 238 and 239: y distal intermetatarsal ligaments,
Page 240 and 241: Probable fundion of the tyrannosaur
Page 242 and 243: Ornitholestes, and camosaurs) incre
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Page 248 and 249: face of the skull met part of the m
Page 250 and 251: Alternately, a morphological novelt
Page 252 and 253: outgroup to ail theropods, and the
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Page 258 and 259: dromaeosaurids], and a dade compris
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Page 262 and 263: Proximal intermetatarsal ligaments
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Page 267: Figure 5.2. Phylogeny of the Therop
Page 278 and 279: Bock W.J. and von Wahlert G. Evolut
Page 280 and 281: Cume P.J. 1997. Theropoda. In: Fari
Page 282 and 283: Grenard S. 1991. Handbook of Alliga
Page 286 and 287: Richtsmeier J.T. and Cheverud J.M.
Page 288 and 289: Woo S., Maynard J., Butler O. 1987.
Page 290 and 291: Different variables in a PCA will h
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