THE UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Eric Snively A ... - Ohio University

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a) Ginglymus. Figure 2.14 shows the wntwrs of the ginglymus; its proximal edge is more of a continuous arc than the bipartite shape found in most Allosaurus specimens (see above). The flexor notch is large and subtriangular, but shallow. b) Shaft (distal to proximal). The shaft of the metatarsal has a small medial bend. The area of demarcation for the MT Il articuiar surface is better delineated in Sinraptor than it is in the other carnosaurs, and is at least as evident as the corresponding surface in Deinonychus, Rugostty on MT II in this region implies distal ligamenture between MT II and MT III. This articulation is similar although less extensive than it is in tyrannosaurids. Sinraptor's MT III does not share the extreme plantar angulation of tyrannosaurid third metatarsais; while there is a slight medial slope towards the plantar surface, it is even less marked than the condition in Deinonychus. c) Region of proximal articulation. The proximal articulations with M Tll and MT IV are similar to those in Allosaunrs. The Sinraptor MT III angles more anterolaterally in proximal view (Figure 2.1 4), and the uoss section is shaped more like a posterioriy tnincated hourglass than the L or hook shape in Allosaurus. 9, Elaphrosaurus bambegi (distal to proximal). The Uaphrosaurus MT III was unavailable for examination, and figures (Janensch 1925) allow only a cursory description (Figure 23). The ginglyrnus is the widest part of the element. The distalmost surface of the ginglymus curves proximolaterally, and its upper edge
has a very shallow U-shape. The shaft of the metatarsal is fairly slender, and narrows only slightly to a point about 85% along its distoproximal axis. From there the metatarsal widens again, but its proximal width is less than the width at midshaft. 1 0. Herrerasaurus ischigualasfensis a) Ginglymus. The ginglymus of MT III appears reniform in anterior view, and its distal edge inclines somewhat proximomedially (Figure 2.1 g). The flexor notch is proximodistally compressed and becornes sharply defined laterally, so that a thin ridge overhangs the dorsolateral edge of the ginglymus (Figure 2.1 g). b) Shaft and region of proximal articulation (distal to proximal; Figure 2-19). The narrowest point along the long axis of the metatarsal occurs at 20-25% of its length from the distal end. The shaft varies Iittle in width, but twists laterally where it articulates with MT II and MT IV. In this region, figures of al1 three metatarsals indicate that the MT Ill of Henerasaurus is slightly wider along its posterior border than along its anterior face (Novas 1994). 1 1. Plateosaurus engelhaMi. a) Ginglymus. The ginglymus is quite Iow, and the flexor notch is only a shallow indentation. Distal to the main shaft, the metatarsal is somewhat wider posterioriy than anterioriy. Consequentially, the collateral ligament fossae are visible in anterior view (Figure 2.1 h).
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THE UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Functiona
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Many figures in this thesis use col
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ACKNOWLEûGEM ENTS Many friends and
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Approval page Acknowledgements Tabi
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CONCLUDING COMMENTS Figures for Cha
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CHAPTER 5: Mechanical and phylogene
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 .l. Phylog
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Figure 3.6. Osteological correlates
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AMNH GI HMN IVPP MOR NMC OMNH PIN P
Page 20 and 21: and constructional morphology revea
Page 22 and 23: 1985, Bryant and Seymour 1990). If
Page 24 and 25: surfaces of a Tyrannosaurus rex spe
Page 26 and 27: 3. Troodontidae (Figure 1.2): Trwdo
Page 29 and 30: Hypothesized functions of the tyran
Page 31 and 32: 1. Atomization (Chapters 2 and 3).
Page 33 and 34: Figure 1.1. P hylogenetic diagram o
Page 35 and 36: Figure 1.2. Phylogenetic diagram of
Page 41: Figure 1 .S. Skeletal restorations
Page 44 and 45: did not quantify the degree of prox
Page 46 and 47: qualitative debate over arctometata
Page 48 and 49: This hypothesis focuses on tyrannos
Page 50 and 51: Table 2.1. Theropod and Plafeosauru
Page 52 and 53: specimens in the figures reflects a
Page 54 and 55: were not attempted. While this limi
Page 56 and 57: Chapter 3). 1 now address variation
Page 58 and 59: - Ç6'P 1 68'€tr 1 L'OC 99'66 L'9
Page 60 and 61: Table 2.3: Log-transformed values f
Page 62 and 63: experiences a sharp laterally indin
Page 64 and 65: ecause it can be cursorily dassifie
Page 66 and 67: arctometatarsalian specimens, the l
Page 68 and 69: ) Shaf€ and region of proximal ar
Page 72 and 73: ) Shaft and region of proximal arti
Page 74 and 75: measurements of width pV2S%TU-DE an
Page 76 and 77: Table 2.4b Variancelmeasurement eac
Page 78 and 79: the largest sum of linear measureme
Page 80 and 81: Table 2.5: Specimen statistics Herr
Page 82 and 83: and Sinraptor dongi specimens. With
Page 84 and 85: In addition, a hook like proximal a
Page 86 and 87: oth physical narrowing and elongati
Page 88 and 89: 1s the MT 111 shape segregation fun
Page 90 and 91: tyrannosaurids, ornithomimid, and t
Page 92 and 93: proximal constriction, white EImisa
Page 95: Figure 2.2. Tyrannosaurid, trwdonti
Page 99: Figure 2.4. Dromaeosaurid and carno
Page 102 and 103: - Anterior (flexor) surface medial
Page 105 and 106: Figure 2.7. Left MT III of Tyrannos
Page 107 and 108: Figure 2.8. Left MT III of Gorgosau
Page 109 and 110: Figure 2.9. Left MT III of an omith
Page 111 and 112: Figure 2.10. Left metatarsus of Tmd
Page 113 and 114: Figure 2.1 1. Left MT III of Elmisa
Page 115 and 116: Figure 2.12. Right MT III of Deinon
Page 117 and 118: Figure 2.13. Left MT III of Allosau
Page 119 and 120: Figure 2.14. Left metatarsus of Sin
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Figure 2.15. Plots of MT Ill specir
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Figure 2.16. Plot of third metatars
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tv . ... . Ri. . . .
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Figure 2.19. Plot of third metatars
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CHAPTER 3: Tensile keystone model o
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dynamically transmitted Iommotor fo
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Table 3.1 . Metatarsi examined in t
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interrnetatarsal dynamics in these
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compelled analysis of movement evid
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Once prepared, TMP 94.1 2.602 and i
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Daspletosaurus tomsus (MOR 590), an
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2. Freedom of movement inferred fro
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Table 3.2. Surface areas of intemet
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phylogenetic bracketing Wtmer 1995)
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4) Forces from anterior displacerne
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e expected for tyrannosaurid interm
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The preceding discussion derives fr
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weapons sparring), and the arctomet
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Figure 3.1. Schematic representatio
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Figure 3.3. CT reconstruction of ri
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Figure 3.5. MT II (left element) an
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Figure 3.1 1 ae. The metatarsal rec
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Figure 3.13. Ligament contribution
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Figure 3.15. Anatorny of the equid
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Figure 3.16. Cornparison of loading
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(nodes), and solving stresslstrain
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The practicality of the finite elem
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collective density of trabeculae (K
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A FORCE INPUTS AND MATERIAL PROPERT
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Alexander et al. (1 979) rewrded a
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The preceding loading regime entait
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detemined by using the photographic
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2. Preparation of data for contour
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. - Elastic modulus (GP4 Ex EY Ez P
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conversion. Volume-to-nuages facili
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maintained. An angle of 2 degrees p
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of MT III (Figure 4.4, pinpointed b
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anterodorsal rotation of the distal
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allowed to stretch slightly under t
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Figure 4.1. Initial loads and bound
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Figure 4.3. Finite element mesh of
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Figure 4.5. Strain distribution in
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CHAPTER 5: Mechanical and evolution
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y distal intermetatarsal ligaments,
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Probable fundion of the tyrannosaur
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Ornitholestes, and camosaurs) incre
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morphology matches in degree the co
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discussion elucidates the evolution
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face of the skull met part of the m
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Alternately, a morphological novelt
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outgroup to ail theropods, and the
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convincingly evident in figures of
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parsimonious scenarios are outlined
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dromaeosaurids], and a dade compris
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arctometatarsalian forrns. The conv
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Proximal intermetatarsal ligaments
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witti a surfeit of potentially supp
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Figure 5.2. Phylogeny of the Therop
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Page 278 and 279:
Bock W.J. and von Wahlert G. Evolut
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Cume P.J. 1997. Theropoda. In: Fari
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Grenard S. 1991. Handbook of Alliga
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Liem K.F. and Osse J.W.M. 1975. Bio
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Richtsmeier J.T. and Cheverud J.M.
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Woo S., Maynard J., Butler O. 1987.
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Different variables in a PCA will h
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THE UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Eric Snively A ... - Ohio University

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