THE UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Eric Snively A ... - Ohio University

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$Introduction to Numerical Math and Matlab ... - Ohio University$

The metal frame caused diffraction artifacts, which manifested as radiating streaks on the image- To sumount this problem, the transparency printouts were digitized for image processing. I scanned them on a long-bed Relisys Avec Color Office 2400 scanner into Adobe Photoshop 3.0 for Macintosh, using transmitted light from an inverted Wolf X-Ray Corp. light table placed on the scanner bed. Adjustment of contrast in Photoshop minimized the artifacts to a satisfactory extent. From the cleared images I could easily evaluate the shape of intermetatarsal articulation surfaces, and possible relative movement, in a given plane of section. Materials and methads fbr assessrnent of osteological carrelates In order to ascertain the distribution and extent of osteological correlates on theropod metatarsals, I assessed the presence of relevant attachment sites and measured the probable area of each attachment. I measured the area of the correlates only when their extent could be precisely detemined. Likely tendon or ligament correlates were identified on specimens in a satisfactory state of preservation, using the criteria of ~gosity and delineated faœting outlined above. Surfaces had to be continuous with cortical bone that had not been diagenetically eroded; otherwise the surface of infilled spongy bone might be mistaken for rugosity. This consideration curtailed the sample size, but vagaries of preservation warranted caution. Problematic taphonomic degeneration was not present on the metatarsals ultimately chosen for area measurement. Surface areas of osteological correlates were measured on specimens of Albertosaurus samphagus (MOR 657), Allosaurus fragiiis (MOR 693),
Daspletosaurus tomsus (MOR 590), and Tyrannosaunrs e x (MOR 555). The bones were wrapped in plastic cling wrap, and attachment surface areas traced with a water-based marking Pen. This facilitated area measurement of complexly contoured surfaces. The cling wrap was removed from the bone, pulled gently taut, and smoothed with a ruler. The markings were then retraced ont0 white paper, and scanned in greyscale at 150 dpi on a Relisys Avec Color Office 2400 digitizer into Adobe Photoshop 3.0 for Macintosh. The outlines were filled to a unifom grey with Photoshop's color picker, paintbucket fill, and magic wand color selection tools, to facilitate area measurement. To maintain proper scating for measuring areas, the physical size of the images (in pixel and corresponding physical height and width) was never altered befors measurement. The scans were saved at their original size in TlFF format with Macintosh byte order. From these scans, I determined the areas of the representations in cm2, using NIH Object-Image for Macintosh software from the United States National Institutes of Health. After importing the image, I chose Threshotd under the Options menu to render a 2-bit image, set the scale to cm (Set Scale, under the Analyze menu), and activated the Measure option under the Analyze menu to measure the area. The average of apparent attachment areas on adjacent bones was used to approximate the cross sedional area of intervening soft tissues. A disartiwlated MT IV was not present in MOR 555. To estimate the areas on that bone, first the smaller ratio was found between MT IV and MT III in the other tyrannosauflds. This ratio was then multiplied by the corresponding MT III area in MOR 555.
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THE UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Functiona
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Many figures in this thesis use col
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ACKNOWLEûGEM ENTS Many friends and
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Approval page Acknowledgements Tabi
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CONCLUDING COMMENTS Figures for Cha
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CHAPTER 5: Mechanical and phylogene
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 .l. Phylog
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Figure 3.6. Osteological correlates
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AMNH GI HMN IVPP MOR NMC OMNH PIN P
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and constructional morphology revea
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1985, Bryant and Seymour 1990). If
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surfaces of a Tyrannosaurus rex spe
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3. Troodontidae (Figure 1.2): Trwdo
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Hypothesized functions of the tyran
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1. Atomization (Chapters 2 and 3).
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Figure 1.1. P hylogenetic diagram o
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Figure 1.2. Phylogenetic diagram of
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Figure 1 .S. Skeletal restorations
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did not quantify the degree of prox
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qualitative debate over arctometata
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This hypothesis focuses on tyrannos
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Table 2.1. Theropod and Plafeosauru
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specimens in the figures reflects a
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were not attempted. While this limi
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Chapter 3). 1 now address variation
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- Ç6'P 1 68'€tr 1 L'OC 99'66 L'9
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Table 2.3: Log-transformed values f
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experiences a sharp laterally indin
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ecause it can be cursorily dassifie
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arctometatarsalian specimens, the l
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) Shaf€ and region of proximal ar
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a) Ginglymus. Figure 2.14 shows the
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) Shaft and region of proximal arti
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measurements of width pV2S%TU-DE an
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Table 2.4b Variancelmeasurement eac
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the largest sum of linear measureme
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Table 2.5: Specimen statistics Herr
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and Sinraptor dongi specimens. With
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In addition, a hook like proximal a
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oth physical narrowing and elongati
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1s the MT 111 shape segregation fun
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tyrannosaurids, ornithomimid, and t
Page 92 and 93: proximal constriction, white EImisa
Page 95: Figure 2.2. Tyrannosaurid, trwdonti
Page 99: Figure 2.4. Dromaeosaurid and carno
Page 102 and 103: - Anterior (flexor) surface medial
Page 105 and 106: Figure 2.7. Left MT III of Tyrannos
Page 107 and 108: Figure 2.8. Left MT III of Gorgosau
Page 109 and 110: Figure 2.9. Left MT III of an omith
Page 111 and 112: Figure 2.10. Left metatarsus of Tmd
Page 113 and 114: Figure 2.1 1. Left MT III of Elmisa
Page 115 and 116: Figure 2.12. Right MT III of Deinon
Page 117 and 118: Figure 2.13. Left MT III of Allosau
Page 119 and 120: Figure 2.14. Left metatarsus of Sin
Page 121 and 122: Figure 2.15. Plots of MT Ill specir
Page 123: Figure 2.16. Plot of third metatars
Page 126 and 127: tv . ... . Ri. . . .
Page 129 and 130: Figure 2.19. Plot of third metatars
Page 131 and 132: CHAPTER 3: Tensile keystone model o
Page 133 and 134: dynamically transmitted Iommotor fo
Page 135 and 136: Table 3.1 . Metatarsi examined in t
Page 137 and 138: interrnetatarsal dynamics in these
Page 139 and 140: compelled analysis of movement evid
Page 141: Once prepared, TMP 94.1 2.602 and i
Page 145 and 146: 2. Freedom of movement inferred fro
Page 147 and 148: Table 3.2. Surface areas of intemet
Page 149 and 150: phylogenetic bracketing Wtmer 1995)
Page 151 and 152: 4) Forces from anterior displacerne
Page 153 and 154: e expected for tyrannosaurid interm
Page 155 and 156: The preceding discussion derives fr
Page 157 and 158: weapons sparring), and the arctomet
Page 159: Figure 3.1. Schematic representatio
Page 163: Figure 3.3. CT reconstruction of ri
Page 167: Figure 3.5. MT II (left element) an
Page 171: Figure 3.7. Osteological correlates
Page 175: Figure 3.9. Osteological correlates
Page 179: Figure 3.1 1 ae. The metatarsal rec
Page 187: Figure 3.13. Ligament contribution
Page 191 and 192: Figure 3.15. Anatorny of the equid
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Figure 3.16. Cornparison of loading
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(nodes), and solving stresslstrain
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The practicality of the finite elem
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collective density of trabeculae (K
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A FORCE INPUTS AND MATERIAL PROPERT
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Alexander et al. (1 979) rewrded a
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The preceding loading regime entait
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detemined by using the photographic
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2. Preparation of data for contour
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. - Elastic modulus (GP4 Ex EY Ez P
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conversion. Volume-to-nuages facili
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maintained. An angle of 2 degrees p
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of MT III (Figure 4.4, pinpointed b
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anterodorsal rotation of the distal
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allowed to stretch slightly under t
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Figure 4.1. Initial loads and bound
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Figure 4.3. Finite element mesh of
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Figure 4.5. Strain distribution in
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CHAPTER 5: Mechanical and evolution
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y distal intermetatarsal ligaments,
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Probable fundion of the tyrannosaur
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Ornitholestes, and camosaurs) incre
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morphology matches in degree the co
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discussion elucidates the evolution
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face of the skull met part of the m
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Alternately, a morphological novelt
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outgroup to ail theropods, and the
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convincingly evident in figures of
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parsimonious scenarios are outlined
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dromaeosaurids], and a dade compris
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arctometatarsalian forrns. The conv
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Proximal intermetatarsal ligaments
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witti a surfeit of potentially supp
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Figure 5.2. Phylogeny of the Therop
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Bock W.J. and von Wahlert G. Evolut
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Cume P.J. 1997. Theropoda. In: Fari
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Grenard S. 1991. Handbook of Alliga
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Liem K.F. and Osse J.W.M. 1975. Bio
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Richtsmeier J.T. and Cheverud J.M.
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Woo S., Maynard J., Butler O. 1987.
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Different variables in a PCA will h
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THE UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Eric Snively A ... - Ohio University

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