THE UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Eric Snively A ... - Ohio University

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arctometatarsalian specimens, the lngenia MT III have only slight narrowing evident where MT II proximally articulates with MT II and MT IV. There is no appreciable plantar constriction. 5. Ornifholestes hermani (Figure 2.1 c). For these descriptions, figures in Paul (1 988) supplement observations of O. hemani cast skeletal mounts at RTMP. a) Ginglymus. The dorsal edge of the ginglymus is shallow laterally, but cornes to a sharp peak medially before sloping steeply towards the distomesial corner of the metatarsal's anterior face (Figure 2.1~). The ginglymus does not appear to extend as far proximally in anterior view as it does in tyrannosaurids. b) Shaft (distal to proximal). The entire metatarsal has a very slight medial bowing. There is a very modest degree of constriction towards the longitudinal enter of the element (Figure 2.1 c). c) Region of proximal articulation. This third metatarsal is hook shaped in proximal view, as descn'bed for tyrannosaurids. In lateral or medial view, MT III expands craniocaudally in this region. In concert with the hook-like bowing, this expansion increases the apparent area of articulation with MT II and MT IV. 6. Deinonychus anfinhopus. Ostrom (1 969) descn'bed the MT III of Deinonychus in some detail, but the present accaunt stresses different and complementary aspects of morphology. a) Ginglymus. Unlike the situation in Ornitholestes, the ginglymus is spool- shaped in anterior view, with the proximal edge showing a midsagittal
depression. The entire ginglymus is inclined proximomedially (Figure 2.1 2). The inclination is not as great as that of the ginglymus of MT II, which articulates with a hyperextensible phalanx. Above the phalangeal articular surface of MT III is a very shallow subtriangular flexor depression. b) Shaft (distal to proximal). There is little nartowing of the metatarsal along its long ais, although the antenor surface of the proximal 20% of MT III is somewhat constricted relative to the posterior face. Notably, the MT III of Deinonychus has an elongate distal articular facet for MT Il, which angles slightly towards the plantar surface. This facet recalls the distal MT II articular surface of arctometatarsalians, although the plantar angulation is much less striking, and the facet does not incline proximally and midsagittally as it does in tyrannosaurids and bullatosaurians. c) Region of proximal articulation. In lateral view, the proximal 15% of the metatarsal flares to become somewhat elongate anteroposteriorly at the mesotarsal articular surface (Figure 2.12). 7. Segnosaurus ghalbinensis. The MT III of Segnosaurus (Figure 2.1 g ) reveals a highly unusual morphology among theropods. a) Ginglymus. In anterior view the upper edge of the ginglymus is W-shaped (dilambdoidal) . At the proximalmost level of the ginglymus, srnall lateral and medial projections flare out from the metatarsal shaft (Figure 2.1 g. The rnedial flanng is more prominent than the lateral.
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THE UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Functiona
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Many figures in this thesis use col
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ACKNOWLEûGEM ENTS Many friends and
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Approval page Acknowledgements Tabi
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CONCLUDING COMMENTS Figures for Cha
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CHAPTER 5: Mechanical and phylogene
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 .l. Phylog
Page 16 and 17: Figure 3.6. Osteological correlates
Page 18 and 19: AMNH GI HMN IVPP MOR NMC OMNH PIN P
Page 20 and 21: and constructional morphology revea
Page 22 and 23: 1985, Bryant and Seymour 1990). If
Page 24 and 25: surfaces of a Tyrannosaurus rex spe
Page 26 and 27: 3. Troodontidae (Figure 1.2): Trwdo
Page 29 and 30: Hypothesized functions of the tyran
Page 31 and 32: 1. Atomization (Chapters 2 and 3).
Page 33 and 34: Figure 1.1. P hylogenetic diagram o
Page 35 and 36: Figure 1.2. Phylogenetic diagram of
Page 41: Figure 1 .S. Skeletal restorations
Page 44 and 45: did not quantify the degree of prox
Page 46 and 47: qualitative debate over arctometata
Page 48 and 49: This hypothesis focuses on tyrannos
Page 50 and 51: Table 2.1. Theropod and Plafeosauru
Page 52 and 53: specimens in the figures reflects a
Page 54 and 55: were not attempted. While this limi
Page 56 and 57: Chapter 3). 1 now address variation
Page 58 and 59: - Ç6'P 1 68'€tr 1 L'OC 99'66 L'9
Page 60 and 61: Table 2.3: Log-transformed values f
Page 62 and 63: experiences a sharp laterally indin
Page 64 and 65: ecause it can be cursorily dassifie
Page 68 and 69: ) Shaf€ and region of proximal ar
Page 70 and 71: a) Ginglymus. Figure 2.14 shows the
Page 72 and 73: ) Shaft and region of proximal arti
Page 74 and 75: measurements of width pV2S%TU-DE an
Page 76 and 77: Table 2.4b Variancelmeasurement eac
Page 78 and 79: the largest sum of linear measureme
Page 80 and 81: Table 2.5: Specimen statistics Herr
Page 82 and 83: and Sinraptor dongi specimens. With
Page 84 and 85: In addition, a hook like proximal a
Page 86 and 87: oth physical narrowing and elongati
Page 88 and 89: 1s the MT 111 shape segregation fun
Page 90 and 91: tyrannosaurids, ornithomimid, and t
Page 92 and 93: proximal constriction, white EImisa
Page 95: Figure 2.2. Tyrannosaurid, trwdonti
Page 99: Figure 2.4. Dromaeosaurid and carno
Page 102 and 103: - Anterior (flexor) surface medial
Page 105 and 106: Figure 2.7. Left MT III of Tyrannos
Page 107 and 108: Figure 2.8. Left MT III of Gorgosau
Page 109 and 110: Figure 2.9. Left MT III of an omith
Page 111 and 112: Figure 2.10. Left metatarsus of Tmd
Page 113 and 114: Figure 2.1 1. Left MT III of Elmisa
Page 115 and 116: Figure 2.12. Right MT III of Deinon
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Figure 2.13. Left MT III of Allosau
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Figure 2.14. Left metatarsus of Sin
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Figure 2.15. Plots of MT Ill specir
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Figure 2.16. Plot of third metatars
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tv . ... . Ri. . . .
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Figure 2.19. Plot of third metatars
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CHAPTER 3: Tensile keystone model o
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dynamically transmitted Iommotor fo
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Table 3.1 . Metatarsi examined in t
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interrnetatarsal dynamics in these
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compelled analysis of movement evid
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Once prepared, TMP 94.1 2.602 and i
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Daspletosaurus tomsus (MOR 590), an
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2. Freedom of movement inferred fro
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Table 3.2. Surface areas of intemet
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phylogenetic bracketing Wtmer 1995)
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4) Forces from anterior displacerne
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e expected for tyrannosaurid interm
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The preceding discussion derives fr
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weapons sparring), and the arctomet
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Figure 3.1. Schematic representatio
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Figure 3.3. CT reconstruction of ri
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Figure 3.5. MT II (left element) an
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Figure 3.7. Osteological correlates
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Figure 3.9. Osteological correlates
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Figure 3.1 1 ae. The metatarsal rec
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Figure 3.13. Ligament contribution
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Figure 3.15. Anatorny of the equid
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Figure 3.16. Cornparison of loading
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(nodes), and solving stresslstrain
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The practicality of the finite elem
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collective density of trabeculae (K
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A FORCE INPUTS AND MATERIAL PROPERT
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Alexander et al. (1 979) rewrded a
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The preceding loading regime entait
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detemined by using the photographic
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2. Preparation of data for contour
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. - Elastic modulus (GP4 Ex EY Ez P
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conversion. Volume-to-nuages facili
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maintained. An angle of 2 degrees p
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of MT III (Figure 4.4, pinpointed b
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anterodorsal rotation of the distal
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allowed to stretch slightly under t
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Figure 4.1. Initial loads and bound
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Figure 4.3. Finite element mesh of
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Figure 4.5. Strain distribution in
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CHAPTER 5: Mechanical and evolution
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y distal intermetatarsal ligaments,
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Probable fundion of the tyrannosaur
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Ornitholestes, and camosaurs) incre
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morphology matches in degree the co
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discussion elucidates the evolution
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face of the skull met part of the m
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Alternately, a morphological novelt
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outgroup to ail theropods, and the
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convincingly evident in figures of
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parsimonious scenarios are outlined
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dromaeosaurids], and a dade compris
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arctometatarsalian forrns. The conv
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Proximal intermetatarsal ligaments
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witti a surfeit of potentially supp
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Figure 5.2. Phylogeny of the Therop
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Bock W.J. and von Wahlert G. Evolut
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Cume P.J. 1997. Theropoda. In: Fari
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Grenard S. 1991. Handbook of Alliga
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Liem K.F. and Osse J.W.M. 1975. Bio
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Richtsmeier J.T. and Cheverud J.M.
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Woo S., Maynard J., Butler O. 1987.
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Different variables in a PCA will h
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