THE UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Eric Snively A ... - Ohio University

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evealed through observation and measurements for Principal Cornponents Analysis). For these reasons TMP 94.12.602 was deemed a suitable compromise for fundional extrapolation ta other tyrannosaurids. CT scanning of an ideal specimen rnay still be undone by deficiencies in technique. Proper 30 reconstruction, and interpretation of cancellous bone trabeculae and large scale compact bone vascularization, is often hindered in CT studies by X-ray diffraction and scattering artifacts. The problem can anse from inte jection of dense, X-ray opaque material, but more often from the high density gradient of the air-bone interface. Immersion of bones in water (problematic with fossils, but inevitable with humans), or encasement in clay, will alleviate this phenornenon (Glenn Daleo, pers. comm). With these cantingencies in mind, specimen preparation for CT commenced following transport from RTMP to the Radiology Department, Children's Hospital and Health Center of San Diego, Califwnia. Plasticine lent by Calgary, Alberta sculptor Brian CooIey, and purchaced at Aaron Brothers Art Mar: (Temecula, California), was applied to the entire surface of the specirnen to a depth of 2-54 cm. The metatarsus had to be carefully lifted from its foam cradle to envelap it in clay an al1 sides. For future orientation of siice images in a cornputer aided design program (if necessary), three paraltel balsa wood dowels (70 cm) were incorporated into the ciay to ad as fiduciary markers. Height of the dowels was equilibrated at either end to within +/- 0.5 mm by measuring with a mler positioned perpendicular to a level surface. The dawels did not interfere with CT or subsequent imaging.
Once prepared, TMP 94.1 2.602 and its foam cradle were placed on a General Electric CT scanner. The combination of the breadth of the x-ray impulse normal to the long axis of the metatarsus, the distance the specimen moved between scans, and overlap of breadth of successive impulses, contrived to sample 297 continuous slices. The samples had a thickness of 2 mm with slice intervals of 1 mm, and the overlap ensured that there were effectively no interslice gaps. Scanner output was configured to 140 kVp and 170 mA, the technique settings that produce the best readings from dense bone. Density readings were sent to a G.E. CEMAX medical imaging console, and slice image files were output onto hard copy transparency and DAT tape. With the data in hand, Mr. Daleo reconstnicted the metatarsal voxel data into three dimensions using density detedion and stacking algorithms. These reconstmctions were further manipulated, viewed, and printed in various orientations for study. Additional CT sans of an Albedosaurvs samphagus metatarsus (TMP 81.1 0.1) were perfomed at the radiology department of Foothills Hospital in Calgary, Alberta, on a Toshiba CT scanner. This specimen had been dnlled along its plantar surface in preparation for display, and affixed to a metal frame. The disparity of densities between bone and metal made 30 reconstruction problematic, but scout image scans (at 120 kVp and 40 mA) revealed that articulation surfaces were undistorted. Scanning proceeded at 120 kVp and 120 mA; a total of 273 sections were imaged, effecüvely at 2mm thickness with no interslice gaps. The images were output onto transparencies.
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THE UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Functiona
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Many figures in this thesis use col
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ACKNOWLEûGEM ENTS Many friends and
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Approval page Acknowledgements Tabi
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CONCLUDING COMMENTS Figures for Cha
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CHAPTER 5: Mechanical and phylogene
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 .l. Phylog
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Figure 3.6. Osteological correlates
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AMNH GI HMN IVPP MOR NMC OMNH PIN P
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and constructional morphology revea
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1985, Bryant and Seymour 1990). If
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surfaces of a Tyrannosaurus rex spe
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3. Troodontidae (Figure 1.2): Trwdo
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Hypothesized functions of the tyran
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1. Atomization (Chapters 2 and 3).
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Figure 1.1. P hylogenetic diagram o
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Figure 1.2. Phylogenetic diagram of
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Figure 1 .S. Skeletal restorations
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did not quantify the degree of prox
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qualitative debate over arctometata
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This hypothesis focuses on tyrannos
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Table 2.1. Theropod and Plafeosauru
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specimens in the figures reflects a
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were not attempted. While this limi
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Chapter 3). 1 now address variation
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- Ç6'P 1 68'€tr 1 L'OC 99'66 L'9
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Table 2.3: Log-transformed values f
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experiences a sharp laterally indin
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ecause it can be cursorily dassifie
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arctometatarsalian specimens, the l
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) Shaf€ and region of proximal ar
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a) Ginglymus. Figure 2.14 shows the
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) Shaft and region of proximal arti
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measurements of width pV2S%TU-DE an
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Table 2.4b Variancelmeasurement eac
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the largest sum of linear measureme
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Table 2.5: Specimen statistics Herr
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and Sinraptor dongi specimens. With
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In addition, a hook like proximal a
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oth physical narrowing and elongati
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1s the MT 111 shape segregation fun
Page 90 and 91: tyrannosaurids, ornithomimid, and t
Page 92 and 93: proximal constriction, white EImisa
Page 95: Figure 2.2. Tyrannosaurid, trwdonti
Page 99: Figure 2.4. Dromaeosaurid and carno
Page 102 and 103: - Anterior (flexor) surface medial
Page 105 and 106: Figure 2.7. Left MT III of Tyrannos
Page 107 and 108: Figure 2.8. Left MT III of Gorgosau
Page 109 and 110: Figure 2.9. Left MT III of an omith
Page 111 and 112: Figure 2.10. Left metatarsus of Tmd
Page 113 and 114: Figure 2.1 1. Left MT III of Elmisa
Page 115 and 116: Figure 2.12. Right MT III of Deinon
Page 117 and 118: Figure 2.13. Left MT III of Allosau
Page 119 and 120: Figure 2.14. Left metatarsus of Sin
Page 121 and 122: Figure 2.15. Plots of MT Ill specir
Page 123: Figure 2.16. Plot of third metatars
Page 126 and 127: tv . ... . Ri. . . .
Page 129 and 130: Figure 2.19. Plot of third metatars
Page 131 and 132: CHAPTER 3: Tensile keystone model o
Page 133 and 134: dynamically transmitted Iommotor fo
Page 135 and 136: Table 3.1 . Metatarsi examined in t
Page 137 and 138: interrnetatarsal dynamics in these
Page 139: compelled analysis of movement evid
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Page 145 and 146: 2. Freedom of movement inferred fro
Page 147 and 148: Table 3.2. Surface areas of intemet
Page 149 and 150: phylogenetic bracketing Wtmer 1995)
Page 151 and 152: 4) Forces from anterior displacerne
Page 153 and 154: e expected for tyrannosaurid interm
Page 155 and 156: The preceding discussion derives fr
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Page 159: Figure 3.1. Schematic representatio
Page 163: Figure 3.3. CT reconstruction of ri
Page 167: Figure 3.5. MT II (left element) an
Page 171: Figure 3.7. Osteological correlates
Page 175: Figure 3.9. Osteological correlates
Page 179: Figure 3.1 1 ae. The metatarsal rec
Page 187: Figure 3.13. Ligament contribution
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Figure 3.15. Anatorny of the equid
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Figure 3.16. Cornparison of loading
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(nodes), and solving stresslstrain
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The practicality of the finite elem
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collective density of trabeculae (K
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A FORCE INPUTS AND MATERIAL PROPERT
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Alexander et al. (1 979) rewrded a
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The preceding loading regime entait
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detemined by using the photographic
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2. Preparation of data for contour
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. - Elastic modulus (GP4 Ex EY Ez P
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conversion. Volume-to-nuages facili
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maintained. An angle of 2 degrees p
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of MT III (Figure 4.4, pinpointed b
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anterodorsal rotation of the distal
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allowed to stretch slightly under t
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Figure 4.1. Initial loads and bound
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Figure 4.3. Finite element mesh of
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Figure 4.5. Strain distribution in
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CHAPTER 5: Mechanical and evolution
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y distal intermetatarsal ligaments,
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Probable fundion of the tyrannosaur
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Ornitholestes, and camosaurs) incre
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morphology matches in degree the co
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discussion elucidates the evolution
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face of the skull met part of the m
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Alternately, a morphological novelt
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outgroup to ail theropods, and the
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convincingly evident in figures of
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parsimonious scenarios are outlined
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dromaeosaurids], and a dade compris
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arctometatarsalian forrns. The conv
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Proximal intermetatarsal ligaments
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witti a surfeit of potentially supp
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Figure 5.2. Phylogeny of the Therop
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Bock W.J. and von Wahlert G. Evolut
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Cume P.J. 1997. Theropoda. In: Fari
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Grenard S. 1991. Handbook of Alliga
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Liem K.F. and Osse J.W.M. 1975. Bio
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Richtsmeier J.T. and Cheverud J.M.
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Woo S., Maynard J., Butler O. 1987.
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Different variables in a PCA will h
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THE UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Eric Snively A ... - Ohio University

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