THE UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Eric Snively A ... - Ohio University

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Figure 3.6. Osteological correlates on a left arctometatarsus of Albertosaurus sarcophagus. Figure 3.7. Osteological correlates on a right arctometatarsus of Daspletosaurus torosus. Figure 3.8. Osteological correlates on a right arctometatarsus of Tyrannosaurus rex. Figure 3.9. Osteological correlates on a left metatarsus of Allosaurus fragilis. Figure 3.10. Step sequence of Gorgosaurus libratus metatarsus in lateral view, showing forces acting upon bones and ligaments during linear locomotion. Figure 3.1 la-e. Animation sequence of metatarsal and force reconstnictions in Figure 3.10. Figure 3.12. CT reconstructions of right Gorgosaurus libratus arctometatarsus, showing tensional keystone model of stance phase kinematics. Figure 3.13. Ligament contribution to energy transference by the tyrannosaurid MT III (left Tyrannosautus rex metatarsals). Figure 3.14. Torsional loading transfer within the Gorgosaurus libratus arctometatarsus. Figure 3.15. Anatomy of the equid carpus. Figure 3.1 6. Cornparison of loading regimes on bones and ligaments of the equid carpus and tyrannosaurid arctometatarsus. Figure 4.1. Initial loads and boundary conditions applied to a left Gorgosaurus libratus metatarsus, normal to the substrate, with a vertical ground reaction force. Figure 4.2. Initiai loads and boundary conditions applied to a left Gorgosaurus libratus MT III, with the plantar surface at 50 degrees to the substrate. Figure 4.3. Finite element mesh of left Gorgosaurus libratus 152 1 54 156 158 xiv
metatarsus. Figure 4.4. Simplified strain energy results for the metatarsus of 21 3 Gorgosaunrs libratus, loaded at 90 degrees to the substrate. Figure 4.5. Strain distribution in the metatarsus of Gorgosaurus 21 5 Iibratus, normal to the substrate, loaded with 4X body weight. Figure 4.6. Strain distribution in MT III of Gorgosaurus libratus, 21 7 loaded when positioned at 50 degrees to the substrate. Figure 5.1 .Theropod phylogeny, primarily after Holtz (2000), showing 248 distribution of intemetatarsal ligament wrrelates. Figure 5.2. Theropod phy lageny, primarily after Sereno (1 999), 250 showing distribution of interrnetatarsal ligament correlates. Figure 5.3. Theropod phylogeny, primarily after Holtz (2000), showing 252 arctometatarsus distribution. Figure 5.4. Theropod phylogeny, primarily after Sereno (1 999), 254 showing arctometatarsus distribution. Figure 5.5. Theropod phylogeny, primarily after Holtz (2000), which 256 depicts putative diets of theropod clades. Figure 5.6. Theropod phylogeny, primarily after Sereno (1999), which 258 depicts putative diets of theropod clades.
Page 1 and 2: THE UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Functiona
Page 3: Many figures in this thesis use col
Page 6 and 7: ACKNOWLEûGEM ENTS Many friends and
Page 8 and 9: Approval page Acknowledgements Tabi
Page 10 and 11: CONCLUDING COMMENTS Figures for Cha
Page 12 and 13: CHAPTER 5: Mechanical and phylogene
Page 14 and 15: LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 .l. Phylog
Page 18 and 19: AMNH GI HMN IVPP MOR NMC OMNH PIN P
Page 20 and 21: and constructional morphology revea
Page 22 and 23: 1985, Bryant and Seymour 1990). If
Page 24 and 25: surfaces of a Tyrannosaurus rex spe
Page 26 and 27: 3. Troodontidae (Figure 1.2): Trwdo
Page 29 and 30: Hypothesized functions of the tyran
Page 31 and 32: 1. Atomization (Chapters 2 and 3).
Page 33 and 34: Figure 1.1. P hylogenetic diagram o
Page 35 and 36: Figure 1.2. Phylogenetic diagram of
Page 41: Figure 1 .S. Skeletal restorations
Page 44 and 45: did not quantify the degree of prox
Page 46 and 47: qualitative debate over arctometata
Page 48 and 49: This hypothesis focuses on tyrannos
Page 50 and 51: Table 2.1. Theropod and Plafeosauru
Page 52 and 53: specimens in the figures reflects a
Page 54 and 55: were not attempted. While this limi
Page 56 and 57: Chapter 3). 1 now address variation
Page 58 and 59: - Ç6'P 1 68'€tr 1 L'OC 99'66 L'9
Page 60 and 61: Table 2.3: Log-transformed values f
Page 62 and 63: experiences a sharp laterally indin
Page 64 and 65: ecause it can be cursorily dassifie
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arctometatarsalian specimens, the l
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) Shaf€ and region of proximal ar
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a) Ginglymus. Figure 2.14 shows the
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) Shaft and region of proximal arti
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measurements of width pV2S%TU-DE an
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Table 2.4b Variancelmeasurement eac
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the largest sum of linear measureme
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Table 2.5: Specimen statistics Herr
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and Sinraptor dongi specimens. With
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In addition, a hook like proximal a
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oth physical narrowing and elongati
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1s the MT 111 shape segregation fun
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tyrannosaurids, ornithomimid, and t
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proximal constriction, white EImisa
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Figure 2.2. Tyrannosaurid, trwdonti
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Figure 2.4. Dromaeosaurid and carno
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- Anterior (flexor) surface medial
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Figure 2.7. Left MT III of Tyrannos
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Figure 2.8. Left MT III of Gorgosau
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Figure 2.9. Left MT III of an omith
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Figure 2.10. Left metatarsus of Tmd
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Figure 2.1 1. Left MT III of Elmisa
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Figure 2.12. Right MT III of Deinon
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Figure 2.13. Left MT III of Allosau
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Figure 2.14. Left metatarsus of Sin
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Figure 2.15. Plots of MT Ill specir
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Figure 2.16. Plot of third metatars
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tv . ... . Ri. . . .
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Figure 2.19. Plot of third metatars
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CHAPTER 3: Tensile keystone model o
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dynamically transmitted Iommotor fo
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Table 3.1 . Metatarsi examined in t
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interrnetatarsal dynamics in these
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compelled analysis of movement evid
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Once prepared, TMP 94.1 2.602 and i
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Daspletosaurus tomsus (MOR 590), an
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2. Freedom of movement inferred fro
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Table 3.2. Surface areas of intemet
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phylogenetic bracketing Wtmer 1995)
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4) Forces from anterior displacerne
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e expected for tyrannosaurid interm
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The preceding discussion derives fr
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weapons sparring), and the arctomet
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Figure 3.1. Schematic representatio
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Figure 3.3. CT reconstruction of ri
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Figure 3.5. MT II (left element) an
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Figure 3.7. Osteological correlates
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Figure 3.9. Osteological correlates
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Figure 3.1 1 ae. The metatarsal rec
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Figure 3.13. Ligament contribution
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Figure 3.15. Anatorny of the equid
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Figure 3.16. Cornparison of loading
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(nodes), and solving stresslstrain
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The practicality of the finite elem
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collective density of trabeculae (K
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A FORCE INPUTS AND MATERIAL PROPERT
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Alexander et al. (1 979) rewrded a
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The preceding loading regime entait
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detemined by using the photographic
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2. Preparation of data for contour
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. - Elastic modulus (GP4 Ex EY Ez P
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conversion. Volume-to-nuages facili
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maintained. An angle of 2 degrees p
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of MT III (Figure 4.4, pinpointed b
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anterodorsal rotation of the distal
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allowed to stretch slightly under t
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Figure 4.1. Initial loads and bound
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Figure 4.3. Finite element mesh of
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Figure 4.5. Strain distribution in
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CHAPTER 5: Mechanical and evolution
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y distal intermetatarsal ligaments,
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Probable fundion of the tyrannosaur
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Ornitholestes, and camosaurs) incre
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morphology matches in degree the co
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discussion elucidates the evolution
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face of the skull met part of the m
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Alternately, a morphological novelt
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outgroup to ail theropods, and the
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convincingly evident in figures of
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parsimonious scenarios are outlined
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dromaeosaurids], and a dade compris
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arctometatarsalian forrns. The conv
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Proximal intermetatarsal ligaments
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witti a surfeit of potentially supp
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Figure 5.2. Phylogeny of the Therop
Page 271:
Page 275:
Page 278 and 279:
Bock W.J. and von Wahlert G. Evolut
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Cume P.J. 1997. Theropoda. In: Fari
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Grenard S. 1991. Handbook of Alliga
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Liem K.F. and Osse J.W.M. 1975. Bio
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Richtsmeier J.T. and Cheverud J.M.
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Woo S., Maynard J., Butler O. 1987.
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Different variables in a PCA will h
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THE UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Eric Snively A ... - Ohio University

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