THE UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Eric Snively A ... - Ohio University

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This hypothesis focuses on tyrannosaurids, in the hop of eliciting morphologicalIy important charaderistics not strictly uncovered by PCA. All specimens are examined and desaibed, but mainly in explicative wmparison with MT III of tyrannosaurids. 2) Ordination of variance and covariance wmponents by PCA quantitatively address a fundamental hypothesis: Hb: Metatarsi classified as arctometatarsalian (Holtz l994a, b) have a significantly greater degree of proximal MT III wnstnction than do those of other theropods. Hypothesis b denotes that the arctometatarsus is proximaliy narrower relative to overall length than are alternate morphologies. If this hypothesis is corroborated, arctometatarsalians will cluster together on bivariate plots of major principal wrnponents. Non-arctometatarsalian specimens sharing homogeneous morphologies will cluster separately from the arctometatarsalian group. MATERIALS AND METHODS Matenals Twenty-three saurischian third metatarsals (Table 2.1, Figures 2.1 -2.4), isolated and from complete metatpodia, were chosen for description and Principal Components Analysis. Because the analysis tested for correlations between proximal wnsttïction versus overall length, only complete specimens (physical or from figures) were deemed suitable. Specimens from the groups introduced in the phylogeny in Chapter 1 were included, without presuppositions
about clustering by metatarsal morphology. Specimens from a wide phylogenetic spectrum show the diversity of included morphologies (Figure 2.1). Constituents of each phylogenetic group are Iisted below, and specimen information is given in Table 2.1. 1. Tyrannosauridae: Albertosaunrs sarcophagus, Gorgosaums libratus, Tarbosaurus bataar, Tyrannosaurus rex. 2. Omithomimidae. cf. Omithomimidae. 3. Troodontidae: Troodon fonnosus. 4. Oviraptorosauria: Elmisauridae: Elmisaurus sp., Oviraptoridae: Ingenia yanshini, Rinchenia mongoliensis. 5. Ornitholestes hermani. 6. Dromaeosauridae: Deinonychus antirhopus. 7. Therizinosauridae: Segnosaurus ghalbinensis, 8. Carnosauria: Allosaurus fragik, Allosaurus (Saurophaganax) maximus, Sinraptor dongi. 9. Elaphrcsaums bambergi. 1 0. Herrerasaums ischigualastensis. 1 1. Prosauropoda: Plateosaunrs engelhardti. When available, physical specimens of these taxa were photographed for further rneasurement and analysis. Figures 2.2 through 2.4 depict examined fossil or cast specimens; ail are displayed with a 10 cm scale bar; the grouping of
Page 1 and 2: THE UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Functiona
Page 3: Many figures in this thesis use col
Page 6 and 7: ACKNOWLEûGEM ENTS Many friends and
Page 8 and 9: Approval page Acknowledgements Tabi
Page 10 and 11: CONCLUDING COMMENTS Figures for Cha
Page 12 and 13: CHAPTER 5: Mechanical and phylogene
Page 14 and 15: LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 .l. Phylog
Page 16 and 17: Figure 3.6. Osteological correlates
Page 18 and 19: AMNH GI HMN IVPP MOR NMC OMNH PIN P
Page 20 and 21: and constructional morphology revea
Page 22 and 23: 1985, Bryant and Seymour 1990). If
Page 24 and 25: surfaces of a Tyrannosaurus rex spe
Page 26 and 27: 3. Troodontidae (Figure 1.2): Trwdo
Page 29 and 30: Hypothesized functions of the tyran
Page 31 and 32: 1. Atomization (Chapters 2 and 3).
Page 33 and 34: Figure 1.1. P hylogenetic diagram o
Page 35 and 36: Figure 1.2. Phylogenetic diagram of
Page 41: Figure 1 .S. Skeletal restorations
Page 44 and 45: did not quantify the degree of prox
Page 46 and 47: qualitative debate over arctometata
Page 50 and 51: Table 2.1. Theropod and Plafeosauru
Page 52 and 53: specimens in the figures reflects a
Page 54 and 55: were not attempted. While this limi
Page 56 and 57: Chapter 3). 1 now address variation
Page 58 and 59: - Ç6'P 1 68'€tr 1 L'OC 99'66 L'9
Page 60 and 61: Table 2.3: Log-transformed values f
Page 62 and 63: experiences a sharp laterally indin
Page 64 and 65: ecause it can be cursorily dassifie
Page 66 and 67: arctometatarsalian specimens, the l
Page 68 and 69: ) Shaf€ and region of proximal ar
Page 70 and 71: a) Ginglymus. Figure 2.14 shows the
Page 72 and 73: ) Shaft and region of proximal arti
Page 74 and 75: measurements of width pV2S%TU-DE an
Page 76 and 77: Table 2.4b Variancelmeasurement eac
Page 78 and 79: the largest sum of linear measureme
Page 80 and 81: Table 2.5: Specimen statistics Herr
Page 82 and 83: and Sinraptor dongi specimens. With
Page 84 and 85: In addition, a hook like proximal a
Page 86 and 87: oth physical narrowing and elongati
Page 88 and 89: 1s the MT 111 shape segregation fun
Page 90 and 91: tyrannosaurids, ornithomimid, and t
Page 92 and 93: proximal constriction, white EImisa
Page 95: Figure 2.2. Tyrannosaurid, trwdonti
Page 99:
Figure 2.4. Dromaeosaurid and carno
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- Anterior (flexor) surface medial
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Figure 2.7. Left MT III of Tyrannos
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Figure 2.8. Left MT III of Gorgosau
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Figure 2.9. Left MT III of an omith
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Figure 2.10. Left metatarsus of Tmd
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Figure 2.1 1. Left MT III of Elmisa
Page 115 and 116:
Figure 2.12. Right MT III of Deinon
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Figure 2.13. Left MT III of Allosau
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Figure 2.14. Left metatarsus of Sin
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Figure 2.15. Plots of MT Ill specir
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Figure 2.16. Plot of third metatars
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tv . ... . Ri. . . .
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Figure 2.19. Plot of third metatars
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CHAPTER 3: Tensile keystone model o
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dynamically transmitted Iommotor fo
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Table 3.1 . Metatarsi examined in t
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interrnetatarsal dynamics in these
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compelled analysis of movement evid
Page 141 and 142:
Once prepared, TMP 94.1 2.602 and i
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Daspletosaurus tomsus (MOR 590), an
Page 145 and 146:
2. Freedom of movement inferred fro
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Table 3.2. Surface areas of intemet
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phylogenetic bracketing Wtmer 1995)
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4) Forces from anterior displacerne
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e expected for tyrannosaurid interm
Page 155 and 156:
The preceding discussion derives fr
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weapons sparring), and the arctomet
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Figure 3.1. Schematic representatio
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Figure 3.3. CT reconstruction of ri
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Figure 3.5. MT II (left element) an
Page 171:
Figure 3.7. Osteological correlates
Page 175:
Figure 3.9. Osteological correlates
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Figure 3.1 1 ae. The metatarsal rec
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Figure 3.13. Ligament contribution
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Figure 3.15. Anatorny of the equid
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Figure 3.16. Cornparison of loading
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(nodes), and solving stresslstrain
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The practicality of the finite elem
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collective density of trabeculae (K
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A FORCE INPUTS AND MATERIAL PROPERT
Page 204 and 205:
Alexander et al. (1 979) rewrded a
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The preceding loading regime entait
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detemined by using the photographic
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2. Preparation of data for contour
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. - Elastic modulus (GP4 Ex EY Ez P
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conversion. Volume-to-nuages facili
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maintained. An angle of 2 degrees p
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of MT III (Figure 4.4, pinpointed b
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anterodorsal rotation of the distal
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allowed to stretch slightly under t
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Figure 4.1. Initial loads and bound
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Figure 4.3. Finite element mesh of
Page 232:
Figure 4.5. Strain distribution in
Page 236 and 237:
CHAPTER 5: Mechanical and evolution
Page 238 and 239:
y distal intermetatarsal ligaments,
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Probable fundion of the tyrannosaur
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Ornitholestes, and camosaurs) incre
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morphology matches in degree the co
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discussion elucidates the evolution
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face of the skull met part of the m
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Alternately, a morphological novelt
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outgroup to ail theropods, and the
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convincingly evident in figures of
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parsimonious scenarios are outlined
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dromaeosaurids], and a dade compris
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arctometatarsalian forrns. The conv
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Proximal intermetatarsal ligaments
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witti a surfeit of potentially supp
Page 267:
Figure 5.2. Phylogeny of the Therop
Page 271:
Page 275:
Page 278 and 279:
Bock W.J. and von Wahlert G. Evolut
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Cume P.J. 1997. Theropoda. In: Fari
Page 282 and 283:
Grenard S. 1991. Handbook of Alliga
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Liem K.F. and Osse J.W.M. 1975. Bio
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Richtsmeier J.T. and Cheverud J.M.
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Woo S., Maynard J., Butler O. 1987.
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Different variables in a PCA will h
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THE UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Eric Snively A ... - Ohio University

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