THE UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Eric Snively A ... - Ohio University

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$Introduction to Numerical Math and Matlab ... - Ohio University$

witti a surfeit of potentially supportive evidence. The limitations of paleontological data must be accepted (Bryant and Russell 1995), but should not deter investigation based on consilient methodologies and skeptical interpretation of available evidence.
Figure 5.1. Phylogeny of the Theropoda, primarily after Holtz (2000). Plateosaurus, ornithischian dinosaurs, and other archosaunan clades serve as outgroups. Dotted lines show alternate phylogenetic positions for Hemrasaunrs and Tmdon. The letter A marks taxa with an arctometatarsus. The diagram designates the observed and inferred presence of extensive proximal intemetatarsal ligaments, according to the following conventions. IL Intemetatarsal ligaments present IL0 Intemetatarsal ligaments not present -1 L Secondary loss through metatarsal fusion. IL? Equivocal evidence Presence inferred thmugh bracketing
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THE UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Functiona
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Many figures in this thesis use col
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ACKNOWLEûGEM ENTS Many friends and
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Approval page Acknowledgements Tabi
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CONCLUDING COMMENTS Figures for Cha
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CHAPTER 5: Mechanical and phylogene
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 .l. Phylog
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Figure 3.6. Osteological correlates
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AMNH GI HMN IVPP MOR NMC OMNH PIN P
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and constructional morphology revea
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1985, Bryant and Seymour 1990). If
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surfaces of a Tyrannosaurus rex spe
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3. Troodontidae (Figure 1.2): Trwdo
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Hypothesized functions of the tyran
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1. Atomization (Chapters 2 and 3).
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Figure 1.1. P hylogenetic diagram o
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Figure 1.2. Phylogenetic diagram of
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Figure 1 .S. Skeletal restorations
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did not quantify the degree of prox
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qualitative debate over arctometata
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This hypothesis focuses on tyrannos
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Table 2.1. Theropod and Plafeosauru
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specimens in the figures reflects a
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were not attempted. While this limi
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Chapter 3). 1 now address variation
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- Ç6'P 1 68'€tr 1 L'OC 99'66 L'9
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Table 2.3: Log-transformed values f
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experiences a sharp laterally indin
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ecause it can be cursorily dassifie
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arctometatarsalian specimens, the l
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) Shaf€ and region of proximal ar
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a) Ginglymus. Figure 2.14 shows the
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) Shaft and region of proximal arti
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measurements of width pV2S%TU-DE an
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Table 2.4b Variancelmeasurement eac
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the largest sum of linear measureme
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Table 2.5: Specimen statistics Herr
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and Sinraptor dongi specimens. With
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In addition, a hook like proximal a
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oth physical narrowing and elongati
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1s the MT 111 shape segregation fun
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tyrannosaurids, ornithomimid, and t
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proximal constriction, white EImisa
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Figure 2.2. Tyrannosaurid, trwdonti
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Figure 2.4. Dromaeosaurid and carno
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- Anterior (flexor) surface medial
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Figure 2.7. Left MT III of Tyrannos
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Figure 2.8. Left MT III of Gorgosau
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Figure 2.9. Left MT III of an omith
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Figure 2.10. Left metatarsus of Tmd
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Figure 2.1 1. Left MT III of Elmisa
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Figure 2.12. Right MT III of Deinon
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Figure 2.13. Left MT III of Allosau
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Figure 2.14. Left metatarsus of Sin
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Figure 2.15. Plots of MT Ill specir
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Figure 2.16. Plot of third metatars
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tv . ... . Ri. . . .
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Figure 2.19. Plot of third metatars
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CHAPTER 3: Tensile keystone model o
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dynamically transmitted Iommotor fo
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Table 3.1 . Metatarsi examined in t
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interrnetatarsal dynamics in these
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compelled analysis of movement evid
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Once prepared, TMP 94.1 2.602 and i
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Daspletosaurus tomsus (MOR 590), an
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2. Freedom of movement inferred fro
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Table 3.2. Surface areas of intemet
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phylogenetic bracketing Wtmer 1995)
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4) Forces from anterior displacerne
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e expected for tyrannosaurid interm
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The preceding discussion derives fr
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weapons sparring), and the arctomet
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Figure 3.1. Schematic representatio
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Figure 3.3. CT reconstruction of ri
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Figure 3.5. MT II (left element) an
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Figure 3.1 1 ae. The metatarsal rec
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Figure 3.13. Ligament contribution
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Figure 3.15. Anatorny of the equid
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Figure 3.16. Cornparison of loading
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(nodes), and solving stresslstrain
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The practicality of the finite elem
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collective density of trabeculae (K
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A FORCE INPUTS AND MATERIAL PROPERT
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Alexander et al. (1 979) rewrded a
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The preceding loading regime entait
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detemined by using the photographic
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2. Preparation of data for contour
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. - Elastic modulus (GP4 Ex EY Ez P
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Page 224: Figure 4.1. Initial loads and bound
Page 228: Figure 4.3. Finite element mesh of
Page 232: Figure 4.5. Strain distribution in
Page 236 and 237: CHAPTER 5: Mechanical and evolution
Page 238 and 239: y distal intermetatarsal ligaments,
Page 240 and 241: Probable fundion of the tyrannosaur
Page 242 and 243: Ornitholestes, and camosaurs) incre
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Page 248 and 249: face of the skull met part of the m
Page 250 and 251: Alternately, a morphological novelt
Page 252 and 253: outgroup to ail theropods, and the
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Page 258 and 259: dromaeosaurids], and a dade compris
Page 260 and 261: arctometatarsalian forrns. The conv
Page 262 and 263: Proximal intermetatarsal ligaments
Page 267: Figure 5.2. Phylogeny of the Therop
Page 278 and 279: Bock W.J. and von Wahlert G. Evolut
Page 280 and 281: Cume P.J. 1997. Theropoda. In: Fari
Page 282 and 283: Grenard S. 1991. Handbook of Alliga
Page 284 and 285: Liem K.F. and Osse J.W.M. 1975. Bio
Page 286 and 287: Richtsmeier J.T. and Cheverud J.M.
Page 288 and 289: Woo S., Maynard J., Butler O. 1987.
Page 290 and 291: Different variables in a PCA will h
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THE UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Eric Snively A ... - Ohio University

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