THE UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Eric Snively A ... - Ohio University

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Figure 3.10. Step sequence of Gorgosaurus libratus metatarsus in lateral view, showing forces acting upon bones and ligaments during linear locomotion. Metatarsal images are not free body diagrams, because forces are not in equilibrium. Silhouettes depict the tyrannosaurid at appropriate locomotory stages. Green=tensile forces on ligaments. Yellow=Extemal force resultants on bone. Red=muscle forces. a: prior to footfall, ligaments suspend metatarsus and toes; flexor muscles draw toes forward. b-e: Differential forces on Metatarsal III and outer metatarsals stretch interrnetatarsal ligaments, which retum elastic strain energy. For clarity, displacement of MT III is exaggerated, and articulating bones and bending components are omitted.
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THE UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Functiona
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Many figures in this thesis use col
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ACKNOWLEûGEM ENTS Many friends and
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Approval page Acknowledgements Tabi
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CONCLUDING COMMENTS Figures for Cha
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CHAPTER 5: Mechanical and phylogene
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 .l. Phylog
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Figure 3.6. Osteological correlates
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AMNH GI HMN IVPP MOR NMC OMNH PIN P
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and constructional morphology revea
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1985, Bryant and Seymour 1990). If
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surfaces of a Tyrannosaurus rex spe
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3. Troodontidae (Figure 1.2): Trwdo
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Hypothesized functions of the tyran
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1. Atomization (Chapters 2 and 3).
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Figure 1.1. P hylogenetic diagram o
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Figure 1.2. Phylogenetic diagram of
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Figure 1 .S. Skeletal restorations
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did not quantify the degree of prox
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qualitative debate over arctometata
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This hypothesis focuses on tyrannos
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Table 2.1. Theropod and Plafeosauru
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specimens in the figures reflects a
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were not attempted. While this limi
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Chapter 3). 1 now address variation
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- Ç6'P 1 68'€tr 1 L'OC 99'66 L'9
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Table 2.3: Log-transformed values f
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experiences a sharp laterally indin
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ecause it can be cursorily dassifie
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arctometatarsalian specimens, the l
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) Shaf€ and region of proximal ar
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a) Ginglymus. Figure 2.14 shows the
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) Shaft and region of proximal arti
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measurements of width pV2S%TU-DE an
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Table 2.4b Variancelmeasurement eac
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the largest sum of linear measureme
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Table 2.5: Specimen statistics Herr
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and Sinraptor dongi specimens. With
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In addition, a hook like proximal a
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oth physical narrowing and elongati
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1s the MT 111 shape segregation fun
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tyrannosaurids, ornithomimid, and t
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proximal constriction, white EImisa
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Figure 2.2. Tyrannosaurid, trwdonti
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Figure 2.4. Dromaeosaurid and carno
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- Anterior (flexor) surface medial
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Figure 2.7. Left MT III of Tyrannos
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Figure 2.8. Left MT III of Gorgosau
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Figure 2.9. Left MT III of an omith
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Figure 2.10. Left metatarsus of Tmd
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Figure 2.1 1. Left MT III of Elmisa
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Figure 2.12. Right MT III of Deinon
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Figure 2.13. Left MT III of Allosau
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Figure 2.14. Left metatarsus of Sin
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Figure 2.15. Plots of MT Ill specir
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Figure 2.16. Plot of third metatars
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Page 129 and 130: Figure 2.19. Plot of third metatars
Page 131 and 132: CHAPTER 3: Tensile keystone model o
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Page 135 and 136: Table 3.1 . Metatarsi examined in t
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Page 151 and 152: 4) Forces from anterior displacerne
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Page 159: Figure 3.1. Schematic representatio
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Page 167: Figure 3.5. MT II (left element) an
Page 171: Figure 3.7. Osteological correlates
Page 175: Figure 3.9. Osteological correlates
Page 185: Figure 3.12. CT reconstructions of
Page 189: Figure 3.14. Torsional loading tran
Page 192 and 193: Lu- dorsal 81igarnents
Page 195 and 196: CHAPTER 4: Finite element model of
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Page 211 and 212: Table 4.1. Material properties of b
Page 213 and 214: Photoshop 3 for Macintosh, to ensur
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Figure 4.2. Initial loads and bound
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Figure 4.4. Simplified representati
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Figure 4.6. Strain distribution in
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The analyses of the Gorgosaurus Iib
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individual organs with ideally effi
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These considerations of ligament mo
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The precise scaling of metatarsal l
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tenable from the available evidence
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equivalent horsepower, 15 economy c
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Other aptations refiect multiple fu
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This and other systernatically info
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(Russell 1975, McGregor 2000). Meta
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was the default developmental patte
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Arnong dromaeosaurids and birds, th
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hypothesis. Fossil evidence of basa
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suggestive of grasping ability. Neo
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available evidence without propriet
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Figure 5.1. Phylogeny of the Therop
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LITERTURE ClTED Alexander R.M. 1977
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Carter D.R., Fyhrie, D.P., and Whal
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Galton P.M. 1982. Elaphrosaurus, an
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Hutchinson J.R., Stidham T.A., Sniv
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Novas F.E. 1993. New information on
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Stein B.R. and Casinos 1997. What i
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APPENDIX Principal Components Analy
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highest degree, and so on. Specimen
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THE UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Eric Snively A ... - Ohio University

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