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Richtsmeier J.T. and Cheverud J.M. 1 986. Finite element scaling analysis of human craniofacial growth. J. Craniofacial Genetics and Dev. Biol. 6:289-323. Rubeli, 0. von 1 925. Zur Anatomie und Mechanik des Karalgelenks der Haustiere, Spezielle des Pferdes. Schweizer Archiv fur Tiérheilkunde 67: 427- 432. Russell A P. 1 975. A contribution to the functional analysis of the foot of the tokay, Gekko gekko (Reptilia: Gekkonidae). J. Zool. 1 76:437-476. Russell A. P. 1979a. The origin of parachuting locomotion in gekkonid Iizards (Reptilia: Gekkonidae). Zool, J. Linn. Soc. 65: 233-249. Russell AP. 1979b. Parallelism and integrated design in the foot structure of gekkonine and diplodactyline geckos. Copeia 1 979(l): 1-21. Ryan M. J. 1992. The taphonomy of a Cenfmsaurus (Reptilia: Omithischia) bone bed (Campanian), Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada. Thesis. The University of Calgary. i-xxvi + 526 pp. Ryan M.J., Currie P.J., Gardner J.O., Vickaryous M.K, and Lavigne J .M. 2000. Saby hadrosaur material associated with an unusually high abundance of Tmodbn teeth from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation, Upper Ctetaceous, Alberta, Canada. Gaia l5:123-133. Sereno P.C. 1999. The evolution of dinosaurs. Science 284:2137-2147. Sereno P.C. and Arcucci AB, 1994.Dinosauria precursors from the Middle Triassic of Argentins: Mafasuchus /illaensis, gen. nov. J. Vert. Paieont. 1453-73. Sereno P.C. and Novas F.E. 1992. The amplete skull and skeleton of an early dinosaur. Science 258:1137-1140. Sisson S. and Grossman J.D. 1953. The Anatomy of Domestic Animals. Saunders. P hiladelp hia. Smith D.K. 1 998. A morphological analysis of AAllasaum J. Vert. Paleont. 1811 26-142. Snively E. 1994. Metatarsal biomechanics and function in theropod dinosaurs. 3. Vert. P aleont. 14(Supplement to 3):46A. Sokal R. R. and Rohlf P.J. 1 995. Biometry, Thinl Eaitioon. W.H. Freeman. New York 887 pp.
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THE UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Functiona
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Many figures in this thesis use col
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ACKNOWLEûGEM ENTS Many friends and
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Approval page Acknowledgements Tabi
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CONCLUDING COMMENTS Figures for Cha
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CHAPTER 5: Mechanical and phylogene
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 .l. Phylog
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Figure 3.6. Osteological correlates
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AMNH GI HMN IVPP MOR NMC OMNH PIN P
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and constructional morphology revea
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1985, Bryant and Seymour 1990). If
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surfaces of a Tyrannosaurus rex spe
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3. Troodontidae (Figure 1.2): Trwdo
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Hypothesized functions of the tyran
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1. Atomization (Chapters 2 and 3).
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Figure 1.1. P hylogenetic diagram o
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Figure 1.2. Phylogenetic diagram of
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Figure 1 .S. Skeletal restorations
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did not quantify the degree of prox
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qualitative debate over arctometata
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This hypothesis focuses on tyrannos
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Table 2.1. Theropod and Plafeosauru
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specimens in the figures reflects a
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were not attempted. While this limi
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Chapter 3). 1 now address variation
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- Ç6'P 1 68'€tr 1 L'OC 99'66 L'9
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Table 2.3: Log-transformed values f
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experiences a sharp laterally indin
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ecause it can be cursorily dassifie
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arctometatarsalian specimens, the l
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) Shaf€ and region of proximal ar
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a) Ginglymus. Figure 2.14 shows the
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) Shaft and region of proximal arti
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measurements of width pV2S%TU-DE an
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Table 2.4b Variancelmeasurement eac
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the largest sum of linear measureme
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Table 2.5: Specimen statistics Herr
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and Sinraptor dongi specimens. With
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In addition, a hook like proximal a
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oth physical narrowing and elongati
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1s the MT 111 shape segregation fun
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tyrannosaurids, ornithomimid, and t
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proximal constriction, white EImisa
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Figure 2.2. Tyrannosaurid, trwdonti
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Figure 2.4. Dromaeosaurid and carno
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- Anterior (flexor) surface medial
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Figure 2.7. Left MT III of Tyrannos
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Figure 2.8. Left MT III of Gorgosau
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Figure 2.9. Left MT III of an omith
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Figure 2.10. Left metatarsus of Tmd
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Figure 2.1 1. Left MT III of Elmisa
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Figure 2.12. Right MT III of Deinon
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Figure 2.13. Left MT III of Allosau
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Figure 2.14. Left metatarsus of Sin
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Figure 2.15. Plots of MT Ill specir
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Figure 2.16. Plot of third metatars
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tv . ... . Ri. . . .
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Figure 2.19. Plot of third metatars
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CHAPTER 3: Tensile keystone model o
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dynamically transmitted Iommotor fo
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Table 3.1 . Metatarsi examined in t
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interrnetatarsal dynamics in these
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compelled analysis of movement evid
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Once prepared, TMP 94.1 2.602 and i
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Daspletosaurus tomsus (MOR 590), an
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2. Freedom of movement inferred fro
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Table 3.2. Surface areas of intemet
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phylogenetic bracketing Wtmer 1995)
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4) Forces from anterior displacerne
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e expected for tyrannosaurid interm
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The preceding discussion derives fr
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weapons sparring), and the arctomet
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Figure 3.1. Schematic representatio
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Figure 3.3. CT reconstruction of ri
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Figure 3.5. MT II (left element) an
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Figure 3.1 1 ae. The metatarsal rec
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Figure 3.13. Ligament contribution
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Figure 3.15. Anatorny of the equid
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Figure 3.16. Cornparison of loading
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(nodes), and solving stresslstrain
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The practicality of the finite elem
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collective density of trabeculae (K
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A FORCE INPUTS AND MATERIAL PROPERT
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Alexander et al. (1 979) rewrded a
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The preceding loading regime entait
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detemined by using the photographic
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2. Preparation of data for contour
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. - Elastic modulus (GP4 Ex EY Ez P
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conversion. Volume-to-nuages facili
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maintained. An angle of 2 degrees p
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of MT III (Figure 4.4, pinpointed b
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anterodorsal rotation of the distal
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allowed to stretch slightly under t
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Figure 4.1. Initial loads and bound
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Figure 4.3. Finite element mesh of
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Figure 4.5. Strain distribution in
Page 236 and 237: CHAPTER 5: Mechanical and evolution
Page 238 and 239: y distal intermetatarsal ligaments,
Page 240 and 241: Probable fundion of the tyrannosaur
Page 242 and 243: Ornitholestes, and camosaurs) incre
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Page 248 and 249: face of the skull met part of the m
Page 250 and 251: Alternately, a morphological novelt
Page 252 and 253: outgroup to ail theropods, and the
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Page 258 and 259: dromaeosaurids], and a dade compris
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Page 262 and 263: Proximal intermetatarsal ligaments
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Page 267: Figure 5.2. Phylogeny of the Therop
Page 278 and 279: Bock W.J. and von Wahlert G. Evolut
Page 280 and 281: Cume P.J. 1997. Theropoda. In: Fari
Page 282 and 283: Grenard S. 1991. Handbook of Alliga
Page 284 and 285: Liem K.F. and Osse J.W.M. 1975. Bio
Page 288 and 289: Woo S., Maynard J., Butler O. 1987.
Page 290 and 291: Different variables in a PCA will h
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