THE UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Eric Snively A ... - Ohio University

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$Introduction to Numerical Math and Matlab ... - Ohio University$

surface that is smooth and slightly concave (Doglo-Saburoff 1929), and fom wrresponding facets on adjacent elements. Using these aiteria I sought to identify osteological carrelates along intermetatarsal articular surfaces. Results of the type and extent of correlates, and the apparent range of motion between metatarsals, reciprocally contributed to an overall understanding of arctometatarsus functional arthrology. MATERIALS AND METHODS In order to explore interelement dynamics in the arctometatarsus and in other theropod metapodia, 1 took a comparative approach removed from absolute statements about performance, but which promised insight into functional variation in the pes of large theropods. For comparison, specimens of large and smalt arctometatarsalian forrns were examined at UCMP, MOR, and RTMP. Metatarsal specimens of Allosaurus fragilis (MOR 693), and others at MOR and RTMP, provided control representatives of the primitive condition for theropods. The specimens (Table 3.1 ) were sutficiently complete and well preserved for evaluation of ligament scar position, andlor to resolve possible interrnetatarsat rnovement. Assesment of metapodial dynamics in tyrannosaurids themselves entailed three related lines of inquiry: 1) To ascertain the probable range of motion between elements in physical specirnens, I manipulated casts of Tyrannosaunrs rex rnetatarsals. 2) To evaluate intermetatarsal Freedom of movement in other tyrannosaurids, 1 examined computed tomographie (CT) images of AIberfosaurus sarcophagus and Gorgosaunrs Iibratus metatarsals. 3) Investigation of
Table 3.1 . Metatarsi examined in the assessment of variation in theropod pedaI arthrology. Arctometatarsalian foms are designated with an astensk, and precede non-arctometatarsalians. The table reveals which specimens are high- resolution casts; specimens not so designated are original material.
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THE UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Functiona
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Many figures in this thesis use col
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ACKNOWLEûGEM ENTS Many friends and
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Approval page Acknowledgements Tabi
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CONCLUDING COMMENTS Figures for Cha
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CHAPTER 5: Mechanical and phylogene
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 .l. Phylog
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Figure 3.6. Osteological correlates
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AMNH GI HMN IVPP MOR NMC OMNH PIN P
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and constructional morphology revea
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1985, Bryant and Seymour 1990). If
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surfaces of a Tyrannosaurus rex spe
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3. Troodontidae (Figure 1.2): Trwdo
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Hypothesized functions of the tyran
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1. Atomization (Chapters 2 and 3).
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Figure 1.1. P hylogenetic diagram o
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Figure 1.2. Phylogenetic diagram of
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Figure 1 .S. Skeletal restorations
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did not quantify the degree of prox
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qualitative debate over arctometata
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This hypothesis focuses on tyrannos
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Table 2.1. Theropod and Plafeosauru
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specimens in the figures reflects a
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were not attempted. While this limi
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Chapter 3). 1 now address variation
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- Ç6'P 1 68'€tr 1 L'OC 99'66 L'9
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Table 2.3: Log-transformed values f
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experiences a sharp laterally indin
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ecause it can be cursorily dassifie
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arctometatarsalian specimens, the l
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) Shaf€ and region of proximal ar
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a) Ginglymus. Figure 2.14 shows the
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) Shaft and region of proximal arti
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measurements of width pV2S%TU-DE an
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Table 2.4b Variancelmeasurement eac
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the largest sum of linear measureme
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Table 2.5: Specimen statistics Herr
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and Sinraptor dongi specimens. With
Page 84 and 85: In addition, a hook like proximal a
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Page 88 and 89: 1s the MT 111 shape segregation fun
Page 90 and 91: tyrannosaurids, ornithomimid, and t
Page 92 and 93: proximal constriction, white EImisa
Page 95: Figure 2.2. Tyrannosaurid, trwdonti
Page 99: Figure 2.4. Dromaeosaurid and carno
Page 102 and 103: - Anterior (flexor) surface medial
Page 105 and 106: Figure 2.7. Left MT III of Tyrannos
Page 107 and 108: Figure 2.8. Left MT III of Gorgosau
Page 109 and 110: Figure 2.9. Left MT III of an omith
Page 111 and 112: Figure 2.10. Left metatarsus of Tmd
Page 113 and 114: Figure 2.1 1. Left MT III of Elmisa
Page 115 and 116: Figure 2.12. Right MT III of Deinon
Page 117 and 118: Figure 2.13. Left MT III of Allosau
Page 119 and 120: Figure 2.14. Left metatarsus of Sin
Page 121 and 122: Figure 2.15. Plots of MT Ill specir
Page 123: Figure 2.16. Plot of third metatars
Page 126 and 127: tv . ... . Ri. . . .
Page 129 and 130: Figure 2.19. Plot of third metatars
Page 131 and 132: CHAPTER 3: Tensile keystone model o
Page 133: dynamically transmitted Iommotor fo
Page 137 and 138: interrnetatarsal dynamics in these
Page 139 and 140: compelled analysis of movement evid
Page 141 and 142: Once prepared, TMP 94.1 2.602 and i
Page 143 and 144: Daspletosaurus tomsus (MOR 590), an
Page 145 and 146: 2. Freedom of movement inferred fro
Page 147 and 148: Table 3.2. Surface areas of intemet
Page 149 and 150: phylogenetic bracketing Wtmer 1995)
Page 151 and 152: 4) Forces from anterior displacerne
Page 153 and 154: e expected for tyrannosaurid interm
Page 155 and 156: The preceding discussion derives fr
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Page 159: Figure 3.1. Schematic representatio
Page 163: Figure 3.3. CT reconstruction of ri
Page 167: Figure 3.5. MT II (left element) an
Page 171: Figure 3.7. Osteological correlates
Page 175: Figure 3.9. Osteological correlates
Page 179: Figure 3.1 1 ae. The metatarsal rec
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Figure 3.13. Ligament contribution
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Figure 3.15. Anatorny of the equid
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Figure 3.16. Cornparison of loading
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(nodes), and solving stresslstrain
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The practicality of the finite elem
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collective density of trabeculae (K
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A FORCE INPUTS AND MATERIAL PROPERT
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Alexander et al. (1 979) rewrded a
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The preceding loading regime entait
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detemined by using the photographic
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2. Preparation of data for contour
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. - Elastic modulus (GP4 Ex EY Ez P
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conversion. Volume-to-nuages facili
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maintained. An angle of 2 degrees p
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of MT III (Figure 4.4, pinpointed b
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anterodorsal rotation of the distal
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allowed to stretch slightly under t
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Figure 4.1. Initial loads and bound
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Figure 4.3. Finite element mesh of
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Figure 4.5. Strain distribution in
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CHAPTER 5: Mechanical and evolution
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y distal intermetatarsal ligaments,
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Probable fundion of the tyrannosaur
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Ornitholestes, and camosaurs) incre
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morphology matches in degree the co
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discussion elucidates the evolution
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face of the skull met part of the m
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Alternately, a morphological novelt
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outgroup to ail theropods, and the
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convincingly evident in figures of
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parsimonious scenarios are outlined
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dromaeosaurids], and a dade compris
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arctometatarsalian forrns. The conv
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Proximal intermetatarsal ligaments
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witti a surfeit of potentially supp
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Figure 5.2. Phylogeny of the Therop
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Bock W.J. and von Wahlert G. Evolut
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Cume P.J. 1997. Theropoda. In: Fari
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Grenard S. 1991. Handbook of Alliga
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Liem K.F. and Osse J.W.M. 1975. Bio
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Richtsmeier J.T. and Cheverud J.M.
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Woo S., Maynard J., Butler O. 1987.
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Different variables in a PCA will h
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