THE UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Eric Snively A ... - Ohio University

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were not attempted. While this limited the sample size, a PCA matrix does not permit missing data. Metatarsals were measured at RTMP and MOR, with Mitutoyo digital calipers or tape measure for larger specimens. I also photographed the elements with a scale bar. To obtain measurements of the lngenia and Rinchenia specimens (Figure 2.3), slides provided by P.J. Currie were scanned. The images were measured on printouts scaled to the sizes of the original specimens, according to measurements provided by Dr. Cume. In order to assess the accuracy of measurements from slides or figures, photographs of RTMP and MOR specimens were traced, and scaled-up measurements of the tracings were checked against physical measurements. The accuracy was within +1- 2%. The accuracy was consistent for al1 measurements on a given photograph; thus proportions remained consistent from specimen to photograph. The primary variable contributing to inaccuracy appears to be the position of the sale bar relative to the anterior surface of the metatarsal. This indicates that absolute measurements from figures are even less accurate than my measurements from photographs, because the illustrator's preferred position for a scale bar is usually indeterminable. However, the consistency of proportions shows that ratios obtained from figure measurements are likely to be within acceptable limits of measurement error. Al1 measurements (Table 2.2) were recorded in mm in Microsoft Excd98 for Macintosh, and saved as WK1 Quattro Pro files for compatibility with statistical software. An asterisk indicates ardometatarsalian forms. Log transfomis of these
measurements are shown in Table 2.3. Principal Components Analysis results below reflect the log transfonned data matrix The PCA was nin on the matrix in SYSTAT for DOS. QUALITATIVE RESULTS These descriptions follow the sequence of taxa as introduced in Chapter 1 and on page 31 of this chapter. Trends evident in larger groups are noted, and then individual specimens are described. Description proceeds from distal to proximal along the long axis of the rcetatarsus. Because proximal features of the MT III specimens are often more superficially striking, this progression ensures that distal variation receives due ansideration. Specimens that were examined physically are given more extensive treatment than those examined from figures gleaned from the literature. Because this thesis deals primarily with the tyrannosaurid metatarsus, I devote a plurality of space to description of the . tyrannosaurid MT III. Theropod third metatarsals have severai features in common. There are usually deep subcircular fossae on the distolateral and -medial surfaces. (These indentations are shallow on the medial surface of MT IV, and often absent on the fourth metatarsal's lateral surface.) ln living amniotes, the fossae mark the attachment sites of collateral ligaments between the metatarsal and the first phalanx. Complementary fossae occur on al1 phalanges, Save the ungual, in most forms. Proximally, the articular surfaces for MT II and MT IV are rugosely striated in tyrannosaurids, camosaurs, and Deinonychus, possibly indicating intermetatarsal ligaments in this region (see Discussion of this chapter, and
Page 1 and 2:
THE UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Functiona
Page 3: Many figures in this thesis use col
Page 6 and 7: ACKNOWLEûGEM ENTS Many friends and
Page 8 and 9: Approval page Acknowledgements Tabi
Page 10 and 11: CONCLUDING COMMENTS Figures for Cha
Page 12 and 13: CHAPTER 5: Mechanical and phylogene
Page 14 and 15: LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 .l. Phylog
Page 16 and 17: Figure 3.6. Osteological correlates
Page 18 and 19: AMNH GI HMN IVPP MOR NMC OMNH PIN P
Page 20 and 21: and constructional morphology revea
Page 22 and 23: 1985, Bryant and Seymour 1990). If
Page 24 and 25: surfaces of a Tyrannosaurus rex spe
Page 26 and 27: 3. Troodontidae (Figure 1.2): Trwdo
Page 29 and 30: Hypothesized functions of the tyran
Page 31 and 32: 1. Atomization (Chapters 2 and 3).
Page 33 and 34: Figure 1.1. P hylogenetic diagram o
Page 35 and 36: Figure 1.2. Phylogenetic diagram of
Page 41: Figure 1 .S. Skeletal restorations
Page 44 and 45: did not quantify the degree of prox
Page 46 and 47: qualitative debate over arctometata
Page 48 and 49: This hypothesis focuses on tyrannos
Page 50 and 51: Table 2.1. Theropod and Plafeosauru
Page 52 and 53: specimens in the figures reflects a
Page 56 and 57: Chapter 3). 1 now address variation
Page 58 and 59: - Ç6'P 1 68'€tr 1 L'OC 99'66 L'9
Page 60 and 61: Table 2.3: Log-transformed values f
Page 62 and 63: experiences a sharp laterally indin
Page 64 and 65: ecause it can be cursorily dassifie
Page 66 and 67: arctometatarsalian specimens, the l
Page 68 and 69: ) Shaf€ and region of proximal ar
Page 70 and 71: a) Ginglymus. Figure 2.14 shows the
Page 72 and 73: ) Shaft and region of proximal arti
Page 74 and 75: measurements of width pV2S%TU-DE an
Page 76 and 77: Table 2.4b Variancelmeasurement eac
Page 78 and 79: the largest sum of linear measureme
Page 80 and 81: Table 2.5: Specimen statistics Herr
Page 82 and 83: and Sinraptor dongi specimens. With
Page 84 and 85: In addition, a hook like proximal a
Page 86 and 87: oth physical narrowing and elongati
Page 88 and 89: 1s the MT 111 shape segregation fun
Page 90 and 91: tyrannosaurids, ornithomimid, and t
Page 92 and 93: proximal constriction, white EImisa
Page 95: Figure 2.2. Tyrannosaurid, trwdonti
Page 99: Figure 2.4. Dromaeosaurid and carno
Page 102 and 103: - Anterior (flexor) surface medial
Page 105 and 106:
Figure 2.7. Left MT III of Tyrannos
Page 107 and 108:
Figure 2.8. Left MT III of Gorgosau
Page 109 and 110:
Figure 2.9. Left MT III of an omith
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Figure 2.10. Left metatarsus of Tmd
Page 113 and 114:
Figure 2.1 1. Left MT III of Elmisa
Page 115 and 116:
Figure 2.12. Right MT III of Deinon
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Figure 2.13. Left MT III of Allosau
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Figure 2.14. Left metatarsus of Sin
Page 121 and 122:
Figure 2.15. Plots of MT Ill specir
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Figure 2.16. Plot of third metatars
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tv . ... . Ri. . . .
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Figure 2.19. Plot of third metatars
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CHAPTER 3: Tensile keystone model o
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dynamically transmitted Iommotor fo
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Table 3.1 . Metatarsi examined in t
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interrnetatarsal dynamics in these
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compelled analysis of movement evid
Page 141 and 142:
Once prepared, TMP 94.1 2.602 and i
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Daspletosaurus tomsus (MOR 590), an
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2. Freedom of movement inferred fro
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Table 3.2. Surface areas of intemet
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phylogenetic bracketing Wtmer 1995)
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4) Forces from anterior displacerne
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e expected for tyrannosaurid interm
Page 155 and 156:
The preceding discussion derives fr
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weapons sparring), and the arctomet
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Figure 3.1. Schematic representatio
Page 163:
Figure 3.3. CT reconstruction of ri
Page 167:
Figure 3.5. MT II (left element) an
Page 171:
Figure 3.7. Osteological correlates
Page 175:
Figure 3.9. Osteological correlates
Page 179:
Figure 3.1 1 ae. The metatarsal rec
Page 187:
Figure 3.13. Ligament contribution
Page 191 and 192:
Figure 3.15. Anatorny of the equid
Page 193:
Figure 3.16. Cornparison of loading
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(nodes), and solving stresslstrain
Page 198 and 199:
The practicality of the finite elem
Page 200 and 201:
collective density of trabeculae (K
Page 202 and 203:
A FORCE INPUTS AND MATERIAL PROPERT
Page 204 and 205:
Alexander et al. (1 979) rewrded a
Page 206 and 207:
The preceding loading regime entait
Page 208 and 209:
detemined by using the photographic
Page 210 and 211:
2. Preparation of data for contour
Page 212 and 213:
. - Elastic modulus (GP4 Ex EY Ez P
Page 214 and 215:
conversion. Volume-to-nuages facili
Page 216 and 217:
maintained. An angle of 2 degrees p
Page 218 and 219:
of MT III (Figure 4.4, pinpointed b
Page 220 and 221:
anterodorsal rotation of the distal
Page 222 and 223:
allowed to stretch slightly under t
Page 224:
Figure 4.1. Initial loads and bound
Page 228:
Figure 4.3. Finite element mesh of
Page 232:
Figure 4.5. Strain distribution in
Page 236 and 237:
CHAPTER 5: Mechanical and evolution
Page 238 and 239:
y distal intermetatarsal ligaments,
Page 240 and 241:
Probable fundion of the tyrannosaur
Page 242 and 243:
Ornitholestes, and camosaurs) incre
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morphology matches in degree the co
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discussion elucidates the evolution
Page 248 and 249:
face of the skull met part of the m
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Alternately, a morphological novelt
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outgroup to ail theropods, and the
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convincingly evident in figures of
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parsimonious scenarios are outlined
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dromaeosaurids], and a dade compris
Page 260 and 261:
arctometatarsalian forrns. The conv
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Proximal intermetatarsal ligaments
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witti a surfeit of potentially supp
Page 267:
Figure 5.2. Phylogeny of the Therop
Page 271:
Page 275:
Page 278 and 279:
Bock W.J. and von Wahlert G. Evolut
Page 280 and 281:
Cume P.J. 1997. Theropoda. In: Fari
Page 282 and 283:
Grenard S. 1991. Handbook of Alliga
Page 284 and 285:
Liem K.F. and Osse J.W.M. 1975. Bio
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Richtsmeier J.T. and Cheverud J.M.
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Woo S., Maynard J., Butler O. 1987.
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Different variables in a PCA will h
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THE UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Eric Snively A ... - Ohio University

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