THE UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Eric Snively A ... - Ohio University

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) Shaft and region of proximal articulations (distal to proximal). The figured MT III that was subject to measurement (Huene 1907-8: Figure 2.1 h) and the photographed specimen have a medial curvature. A more robust specimen lacks this curvature (Gresslyosau~s robustus in Heune l9Oï-û; referred to P. engelhardti by Galton 1 986). Two proximal features of the MT III of Plateosaurus differ greatly from the condition seen in theropods. The mesotarsal articular surface comes to a point anteriorly, making the proximal face of the metatarsal subtriangular in cross section. A keel extends distally from this apex, about 15-20% of the rnetatarsal's length along the anterior surface (Figure 2.1 h). These qualitative assessments delineate morphological variation along the longitudinal axis of the theropod MT III. The results and accompanying figures leave the impression of striking disparity in proximal robustness between the arctometatarsalian morphologies (typified by the tyrannosaurids, the ornithomirnid, Troodon, and Elmisaufus) and the other specimens. The quantitative results below provide an independent appraisal of the foregoing descriptive elucidation. QUANTITATIVE RESULTS Numerical results from PCA Table 2.4 displays the loading of each measurement along the first three principaI components, the percentages the measurements contribute to each component, and component correlations. The first three principal components account for 98.29% of total variance: PC1 explains û6.65%, PC2 10.61 4%, and
PC3 1.026%. Other wmponents contribute negligible amounts to overall variation. Because PC3 also accounts for so Iiffle variance, it yields Iittle information about significant differences in shape or size. Therefore, this section concentrates on PCI and PC2. Variable loadings for each principal component (Table 2.4a) inform the type of variance the components represent. Ali loadings on PC1 are positive, which indicates that this component primarily describes overall size variation. PC2, on the other hand, shows a pattern of positive and negative loadings. Values for measurements representing proximal width are al1 negative, while loadings for other measurements are positive. This indicates that PC2 describes shape variation in the frontal plane, and that proximal width scales negatively compared with overall length in many specimens, Loadings on variables for PC2 show that proximal constriction plays a quantitatively significant role in overall variation in theropod third metatarsals. The high negative loading of W75%TU-DE (-0.517) reveals that relative width, at about 75% of the distance from the phalangeal to mesotarsal articulations, is the most important contributor to frontal shape variation. The proximal width, and width about half way along the metatarsal (WSO%TU-DE), are about equal in their contribution (with loadings of -0.328 and 4.335, respectively). The percentage contribution of PC1,2 and 3 to the variance of each measurement (Table 2.4b) corroborates the relative significance of these proximal width measurernents. PC2 accounts for 17.7% of variation in W75%TU-DE, 6.2% for WPROX, and 9.6% for WSO%TU-DE. More distal
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THE UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Functiona
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Many figures in this thesis use col
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ACKNOWLEûGEM ENTS Many friends and
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Approval page Acknowledgements Tabi
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CONCLUDING COMMENTS Figures for Cha
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CHAPTER 5: Mechanical and phylogene
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 .l. Phylog
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Figure 3.6. Osteological correlates
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AMNH GI HMN IVPP MOR NMC OMNH PIN P
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and constructional morphology revea
Page 22 and 23: 1985, Bryant and Seymour 1990). If
Page 24 and 25: surfaces of a Tyrannosaurus rex spe
Page 26 and 27: 3. Troodontidae (Figure 1.2): Trwdo
Page 29 and 30: Hypothesized functions of the tyran
Page 31 and 32: 1. Atomization (Chapters 2 and 3).
Page 33 and 34: Figure 1.1. P hylogenetic diagram o
Page 35 and 36: Figure 1.2. Phylogenetic diagram of
Page 41: Figure 1 .S. Skeletal restorations
Page 44 and 45: did not quantify the degree of prox
Page 46 and 47: qualitative debate over arctometata
Page 48 and 49: This hypothesis focuses on tyrannos
Page 50 and 51: Table 2.1. Theropod and Plafeosauru
Page 52 and 53: specimens in the figures reflects a
Page 54 and 55: were not attempted. While this limi
Page 56 and 57: Chapter 3). 1 now address variation
Page 58 and 59: - Ç6'P 1 68'€tr 1 L'OC 99'66 L'9
Page 60 and 61: Table 2.3: Log-transformed values f
Page 62 and 63: experiences a sharp laterally indin
Page 64 and 65: ecause it can be cursorily dassifie
Page 66 and 67: arctometatarsalian specimens, the l
Page 68 and 69: ) Shaf€ and region of proximal ar
Page 70 and 71: a) Ginglymus. Figure 2.14 shows the
Page 74 and 75: measurements of width pV2S%TU-DE an
Page 76 and 77: Table 2.4b Variancelmeasurement eac
Page 78 and 79: the largest sum of linear measureme
Page 80 and 81: Table 2.5: Specimen statistics Herr
Page 82 and 83: and Sinraptor dongi specimens. With
Page 84 and 85: In addition, a hook like proximal a
Page 86 and 87: oth physical narrowing and elongati
Page 88 and 89: 1s the MT 111 shape segregation fun
Page 90 and 91: tyrannosaurids, ornithomimid, and t
Page 92 and 93: proximal constriction, white EImisa
Page 95: Figure 2.2. Tyrannosaurid, trwdonti
Page 99: Figure 2.4. Dromaeosaurid and carno
Page 102 and 103: - Anterior (flexor) surface medial
Page 105 and 106: Figure 2.7. Left MT III of Tyrannos
Page 107 and 108: Figure 2.8. Left MT III of Gorgosau
Page 109 and 110: Figure 2.9. Left MT III of an omith
Page 111 and 112: Figure 2.10. Left metatarsus of Tmd
Page 113 and 114: Figure 2.1 1. Left MT III of Elmisa
Page 115 and 116: Figure 2.12. Right MT III of Deinon
Page 117 and 118: Figure 2.13. Left MT III of Allosau
Page 119 and 120: Figure 2.14. Left metatarsus of Sin
Page 121 and 122: Figure 2.15. Plots of MT Ill specir
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Figure 2.16. Plot of third metatars
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tv . ... . Ri. . . .
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Figure 2.19. Plot of third metatars
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CHAPTER 3: Tensile keystone model o
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dynamically transmitted Iommotor fo
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Table 3.1 . Metatarsi examined in t
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interrnetatarsal dynamics in these
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compelled analysis of movement evid
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Once prepared, TMP 94.1 2.602 and i
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Daspletosaurus tomsus (MOR 590), an
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2. Freedom of movement inferred fro
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Table 3.2. Surface areas of intemet
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phylogenetic bracketing Wtmer 1995)
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4) Forces from anterior displacerne
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e expected for tyrannosaurid interm
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The preceding discussion derives fr
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weapons sparring), and the arctomet
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Figure 3.1. Schematic representatio
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Figure 3.3. CT reconstruction of ri
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Figure 3.5. MT II (left element) an
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Figure 3.1 1 ae. The metatarsal rec
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Figure 3.13. Ligament contribution
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Figure 3.15. Anatorny of the equid
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Figure 3.16. Cornparison of loading
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(nodes), and solving stresslstrain
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The practicality of the finite elem
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collective density of trabeculae (K
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A FORCE INPUTS AND MATERIAL PROPERT
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Alexander et al. (1 979) rewrded a
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The preceding loading regime entait
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detemined by using the photographic
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2. Preparation of data for contour
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. - Elastic modulus (GP4 Ex EY Ez P
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conversion. Volume-to-nuages facili
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maintained. An angle of 2 degrees p
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of MT III (Figure 4.4, pinpointed b
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anterodorsal rotation of the distal
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allowed to stretch slightly under t
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Figure 4.1. Initial loads and bound
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Figure 4.3. Finite element mesh of
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Figure 4.5. Strain distribution in
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CHAPTER 5: Mechanical and evolution
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y distal intermetatarsal ligaments,
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Probable fundion of the tyrannosaur
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Ornitholestes, and camosaurs) incre
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morphology matches in degree the co
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discussion elucidates the evolution
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face of the skull met part of the m
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Alternately, a morphological novelt
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outgroup to ail theropods, and the
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convincingly evident in figures of
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parsimonious scenarios are outlined
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dromaeosaurids], and a dade compris
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arctometatarsalian forrns. The conv
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Proximal intermetatarsal ligaments
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witti a surfeit of potentially supp
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Figure 5.2. Phylogeny of the Therop
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Bock W.J. and von Wahlert G. Evolut
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Cume P.J. 1997. Theropoda. In: Fari
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Grenard S. 1991. Handbook of Alliga
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Liem K.F. and Osse J.W.M. 1975. Bio
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Richtsmeier J.T. and Cheverud J.M.
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Woo S., Maynard J., Butler O. 1987.
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Different variables in a PCA will h
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THE UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Eric Snively A ... - Ohio University

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