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Bock W.J. and von Wahlert G. Evolution of the fom-function complex. Evolution 1 9: 269-299. Boening K J. von. 1981. Hyperextensionfolgen im Karpalgelenksbereich. Der praMische Tieranf 7:606-608. Bourdelle E. and Bressou C. Anotomie Regioale des Animaux Domestiques. 1. Equides: Cheval - Ane - Mulet. Fascicule Ill. Region thoracique. Membre anterieur ou thoraciqe, J.B. Baillere et Fils. Pans. Brinkman D.B. and Sues H.-O. 1987. A staurikosaurid dinosaur ftom the lschigualasto Formation of Argentina and the Staurikosauridae. Paleontology 301493-503. Bryant H.N. and Russell A.P. 1992. The role of phylogenetic analysis in the inference of unpreserved attributes of extinct taxa. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London 8 337:405418. Bryant H.N. and Russell AP. 1995. Carnasial functioning in nimravid and felid sabretooths: theoretical basis and robustness of inferences. In: Thornason J.J. (ed. ) Functional Morphology in Vertebrate Paleontology. Cam bridge University Press. Cambridge. pp. t 16-1 35. Bryant H.N. and Seymour KL. 1990. Observations and comments on the reliability of muscle reconstruction in fossii vertebrates. J. Morph. 206: 109-1 1 7. Buffrenil V. de, Fariow J.O. and Riqles A de. 1986. Growth and function of Stegosaurus plates. Evidence from bone histology. Paleobiology 12:459-473. Carpenter K 1997. Tyrannosauridae. In: Cume P.J. and Padian K (eds.) Encyclopedia of Dinosaum. Academ ic Press. San Diego. pp. 766-768. Carrano M.T. 1998. Locomotion in non-avian dinosaurs: integrating data from hindlimb kinematics, in vivo bone strains, and bone morphology. Paleobiology 24: 430-469. Carrano M.T. 1999. What, if anything, is a cursor? Categories versus continua for deterrnining locomotor habit in marnmals and dinosaurs. J. Zool., Lond. 247:29- 42. Camer D.R. and Farmer C.G. 2000. The evolution of pelvic aspiration in archosaurs. Paleobiology 26:271-293. Carroll R.L. 1990. Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolufion. W.H. Freeman. New York.
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THE UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Functiona
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Many figures in this thesis use col
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ACKNOWLEûGEM ENTS Many friends and
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Approval page Acknowledgements Tabi
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CONCLUDING COMMENTS Figures for Cha
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CHAPTER 5: Mechanical and phylogene
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 .l. Phylog
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Figure 3.6. Osteological correlates
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AMNH GI HMN IVPP MOR NMC OMNH PIN P
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and constructional morphology revea
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1985, Bryant and Seymour 1990). If
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surfaces of a Tyrannosaurus rex spe
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3. Troodontidae (Figure 1.2): Trwdo
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Hypothesized functions of the tyran
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1. Atomization (Chapters 2 and 3).
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Figure 1.1. P hylogenetic diagram o
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Figure 1.2. Phylogenetic diagram of
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Figure 1 .S. Skeletal restorations
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did not quantify the degree of prox
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qualitative debate over arctometata
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This hypothesis focuses on tyrannos
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Table 2.1. Theropod and Plafeosauru
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specimens in the figures reflects a
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were not attempted. While this limi
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Chapter 3). 1 now address variation
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- Ç6'P 1 68'€tr 1 L'OC 99'66 L'9
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Table 2.3: Log-transformed values f
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experiences a sharp laterally indin
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ecause it can be cursorily dassifie
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arctometatarsalian specimens, the l
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) Shaf€ and region of proximal ar
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a) Ginglymus. Figure 2.14 shows the
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) Shaft and region of proximal arti
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measurements of width pV2S%TU-DE an
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Table 2.4b Variancelmeasurement eac
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the largest sum of linear measureme
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Table 2.5: Specimen statistics Herr
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and Sinraptor dongi specimens. With
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In addition, a hook like proximal a
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oth physical narrowing and elongati
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1s the MT 111 shape segregation fun
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tyrannosaurids, ornithomimid, and t
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proximal constriction, white EImisa
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Figure 2.2. Tyrannosaurid, trwdonti
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Figure 2.4. Dromaeosaurid and carno
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- Anterior (flexor) surface medial
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Figure 2.7. Left MT III of Tyrannos
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Figure 2.8. Left MT III of Gorgosau
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Figure 2.9. Left MT III of an omith
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Figure 2.10. Left metatarsus of Tmd
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Figure 2.1 1. Left MT III of Elmisa
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Figure 2.12. Right MT III of Deinon
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Figure 2.13. Left MT III of Allosau
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Figure 2.14. Left metatarsus of Sin
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Figure 2.15. Plots of MT Ill specir
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Figure 2.16. Plot of third metatars
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tv . ... . Ri. . . .
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Figure 2.19. Plot of third metatars
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CHAPTER 3: Tensile keystone model o
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dynamically transmitted Iommotor fo
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Table 3.1 . Metatarsi examined in t
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interrnetatarsal dynamics in these
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compelled analysis of movement evid
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Once prepared, TMP 94.1 2.602 and i
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Daspletosaurus tomsus (MOR 590), an
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2. Freedom of movement inferred fro
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Table 3.2. Surface areas of intemet
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phylogenetic bracketing Wtmer 1995)
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4) Forces from anterior displacerne
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e expected for tyrannosaurid interm
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The preceding discussion derives fr
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weapons sparring), and the arctomet
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Figure 3.1. Schematic representatio
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Figure 3.3. CT reconstruction of ri
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Figure 3.5. MT II (left element) an
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Figure 3.1 1 ae. The metatarsal rec
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Figure 3.13. Ligament contribution
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Figure 3.15. Anatorny of the equid
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Figure 3.16. Cornparison of loading
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(nodes), and solving stresslstrain
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The practicality of the finite elem
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collective density of trabeculae (K
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A FORCE INPUTS AND MATERIAL PROPERT
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Alexander et al. (1 979) rewrded a
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The preceding loading regime entait
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detemined by using the photographic
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2. Preparation of data for contour
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. - Elastic modulus (GP4 Ex EY Ez P
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conversion. Volume-to-nuages facili
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maintained. An angle of 2 degrees p
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of MT III (Figure 4.4, pinpointed b
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anterodorsal rotation of the distal
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allowed to stretch slightly under t
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Figure 4.1. Initial loads and bound
Page 228: Figure 4.3. Finite element mesh of
Page 232: Figure 4.5. Strain distribution in
Page 236 and 237: CHAPTER 5: Mechanical and evolution
Page 238 and 239: y distal intermetatarsal ligaments,
Page 240 and 241: Probable fundion of the tyrannosaur
Page 242 and 243: Ornitholestes, and camosaurs) incre
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Page 248 and 249: face of the skull met part of the m
Page 250 and 251: Alternately, a morphological novelt
Page 252 and 253: outgroup to ail theropods, and the
Page 254 and 255: convincingly evident in figures of
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Page 258 and 259: dromaeosaurids], and a dade compris
Page 260 and 261: arctometatarsalian forrns. The conv
Page 262 and 263: Proximal intermetatarsal ligaments
Page 264 and 265: witti a surfeit of potentially supp
Page 267: Figure 5.2. Phylogeny of the Therop
Page 280 and 281: Cume P.J. 1997. Theropoda. In: Fari
Page 282 and 283: Grenard S. 1991. Handbook of Alliga
Page 284 and 285: Liem K.F. and Osse J.W.M. 1975. Bio
Page 286 and 287: Richtsmeier J.T. and Cheverud J.M.
Page 288 and 289: Woo S., Maynard J., Butler O. 1987.
Page 290 and 291: Different variables in a PCA will h
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