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nouns that do not qualify under Art. 11.7.1.2.
Troschel (1857 [in 1856-1891]) used the
names Bithyniae, Lithoglyphi, Hydrobiae,
Ancyloti, Thiarae and Pachychili in headings
that have usually been considered to denote
family-group rank. However, Troschel's
(1857: 95-129) treatment of these names
contrasts with the rest of his work (Troschel
1856-1863 [in 1856-1891]), in which he
stated the ranks of the categories he used
and formed the names with the endings
-idea, -ina, or -acea. Troschel's intentions
with regard to the names formed as plurals
are explained on pp. 94-95:
"J. E. Gray, in the system summarized above
[Gray, 1853], characterized each family, and
grouped them according to the constitution
of the operculum. I would have liked to follow
his subdivision in our description of the
dentition, if the resulting differentiations
would have agreed with Gray's families. In
the Cyclostomacea in the older sense the
constitution of the operculum provided an
excellent guide to the differentiation of families,
and the dentition confirmed this. Here
clarification is not easy. I studied and drew a
large number of opercula, usually of just the
same species of which I
studied the denti-
not gain a clear-cut correspon-
cannot
did
I
tion. I
dence from this, and therefore
decide to assume families on the basis of
opercular differences. Likewise I would not
like to base families based on certain peculiarities
of the dentition, because I cannot
foresee the consequences despite my rather
rich material, and because genera which
hitherto were [considered to be] distant,
would become closely related, and vice
versa. Therefore, no other way is left for me
but to discuss the genera in small groups,
without wishing to assign to them the value
TABLE 1. Authorship of family-group names
when Troschers 1857 plurals are treated as
unavailable.
Spelling in Troschel,
1857
First availability after
Troschel
Ancyloti not used after Troschel
Bithyniae Gray, 1857
Hydrobiae Stimpson, 1865
Lithoglyphi Tryon, 1866
Pachychili P. Fischer & Crosse, 1892
Thiarae Gill, 1871
BOUCHET&ROCRO!
of families"
D. Kadolsky].
[translated from German by
Such names could perhaps be considered
to be "means of temporary reference" in the
sense of Art. 1 .3.5 (Kadolsky, pers. comm.),
which would exclude them from the provisions
of the Code. However, the names
Bithyniidae (Opinions 475 and 1664) and
Hydrobiidae (Opinion 2034) have been
placed on the Official List with Troschel, 1 857
as author. We see two alternatives on how
to treat Troschel's (1857) names: (a) either
be inconsistent and treat Bithyniae and
Hydrobiae as available and Lithoglyphi,
Ancyloti, Thiarae and Pachychili as unavail-
able; (b) or be consistent and treat them all
as available (contrary to Art. 11.7.1.2) or
unavailable (contrary to Opinions 1664 and
2034). Because there are no negative nomenclatural
consequences (no displacement
of accepted valid names), and because nomenclature
becomes impenetrable when its
application requires reference to too many
specific decisions, we have decided to be
consistent and treat all of Troschel's 1857
as unavailable. This has also the positive
consequence of eliminating Ancyloti which,
if considered an available name, would have
to be treated as an incorrect original spell-
ing of "Anculosinae", based on Anculosa Say,
1821; "Anculosinae Troschel, 1857" would
then be a senior synonym of Pleuroceridae
P. Fischer, 1865(1863).
(3) "A family-group name when first published
must [...] not be based on certain names
applied only to fossils and ending in the suf-
fix -ites, -ytes, or -ithes [Art. 20]" [Art.
11.7.1.4].
Example:
Cypraeacitinae Schilder, 1930, is notan available
name because its type genus
Cypraeac//es Schlotheim, 1820, is not available
under Art. 20.
(4) "If a family-group name was published before
1900, [...] but not in latinized form, it is
available with its original author and date only
if it has been latinized by later authors and
has been generally accepted as valid by
authors interested in the group concerned
and as dating from that first publication in
vernacular form" [Art. 11.7.2].
Examples.
"Styliolacées" (French vernacular) of Fol,
1875 [published before 1900 but never
latinized], is not an available name.