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* Recognition of Proserpinellidae and Proserpinidae at
family rank follows F. G. Thompson (1980).
6^ Fossil families included after Bande! & Fryda (1999) and
Blodgettetal. (2001).
^ Spanionematidae originally placed in Cerithimorpha; in-
cluded in Stylogastropoda by Heidelberger (2001).
^ Classification after Bändel (2002b, as Soleniscoidea),
who established a new taxon Procaenogastropoda for
the orders Solenisciformes and Perunelomorpha
^ Acteonina has long been classified as an opisthobranch,
based on the erroneous allocation of Jurassic species
with heterostrophic protoconchs, which led some authors
to treat /4cieon/na and Cylindrobullina as synonyms (Pan
et al., 2003). Actually, Cossmann (1895a) himself, when
he established Acteoninidae, mistakenly cited the Juras-
sic Acteonina acuta d'Orbigny as type species for
Acteonina. In fact, the type species, by monotypy, of
Acteonina is Chemnitzia carbonaria de Koninck, 1843,
from the Carboniferous. It has an orthostrophic
protoconch (Bändel, 2002b) and Bändel placed it in the
family Soleniscidae. We follow this systematic allocation,
with the necessary nomenclatura! adjustments.
Meekospirinae treated as a subfamily of Acteoninidae
after Nützel (pers. comm), based on resemblance between
Acteonina and Girtyspira.
^ The position of Paleozoic taxa sometimes classified as
pulmonates is controversial. Considering the fossil evidence
and genetic distances calculated with a short fragment
of the 28S rRNA, Tillier et al. (1 995) concluded that
the Paleozoic taxa were not Stylommatophora, probably
not ellobiids and perhaps not even pulmonates. Bändel
(2002b) included the Anthracopupidae and Dendropupidae
in a superfamily Anthracopupoidea [but see Nomenclátor
for nomenclature] of his caenogastropod group
Procyclophoroida.
® The Dendropupidae were described as a family of the
Cyclophoroidea by Wenz (1938), placed in the Enidae
(Stylommatophora) by Solem & Yochelson (1979), re-
classifted as Cyclophoroidea by Bändel (1993b), in-
cluded in the Carychiidae (Ellobioidea) by Bande! (1997)
and considered as an indépendant family of the
Orthurethra (Stylommatophora) by Nordsieck (1986).
^^ The Anthracopupinae were described as a subfamily of
the Ellobiidae (Eupulmonata) by Wenz (1938), considered
an independent family of the Ellobioidea by
Starobogatov (1976), placed in the Tornatellinidae
(Stylommatophora) by Solem & Yochelson (1979), classified
as Carychiidae (Ellobioidea) by Bande! (1997) and
considered an independent family at the base of the
Stylommatophora by H. Nordsieck (1986b).
^ Classiftcation after Bändel (2002b; as Orthonemoidea).
® Position of Kinishbiinae unresolved, here placed in synonymy
of Palaeostylinae after Nützel (pers. comm), but
Kollmann (pers. comm.) thinks it could be a synonym of
''"
Coelostylinidae.
Bändel (2002b) suggested to synonymize Orthonematidae
with Goniasmatidae, and Mazaev (2002) synonymized
BOUCHET&ROCROI
it with IVlurchisoniidae However, Goniasma has a true
selenizone and Goniasmatidae is kept separate on advice
from Nützel (pers. comm.).
''' "The teleoconch characters of members of the family
Chuchlinidae resemble those of some genera which
have traditionally been placed in the superfamily
Subulitoidea " (Fryda & Bande!, 1997). Ordovician-Car-
boniferous Peruneloidea are regarded as "potential an-
cestors to the Caenogastropoda and Heterostropha" by
Fryda & Bande! (1997) and placed in a new taxon
Perunelomorpha by Fryda (1999a).
^ Paraphyletic taxon, probably representing a grade rather
than a clade, included in Ptenoglossa by Nützel (1998).
^ Abyssochrysidae tentatively considered modern zy-
gopleuroids by Nützel (1998).
'"* The placement of Provannidae here is supported by a
close similarity in sperm ultrastructure between
''^
Alviniconchia (a provannid) and Abyssoclirysos, although
both have sperm similar to Littorinoidea (Healy, 1989,
1990, 1992,2000).
Pseudonininae was described as a subfamily of Epitoniidae.
They are here transferred to Provannidae based
on similarities in protoconch morphology (axially ribbed)
and habitat (sunken wood in deep water).
''^ Architaenioglossa shown to be paraphyletic in the mo-
lecular analysis of Harasewych et al. (1998).
^ Classification of Ampullariidae based on Berthold (1991).
'8 Classiftcation after Ponder & Waren ( 1 988).
^ Tribes of Cyclophorinae after Wenz ( 1 938).
^ Maizaniidae recognized as a distinct family after Van
Bruggen(1986).
^^ The family Neocyclotidae is maintained separate pend-
ing an overall re-evaluation of Cyclophoroidea, but
Strong (2003) has argued that anatomical characters
do not support treating Neocyclotidae as distinct from
Cyclophoridae.
^ Viviparoidea as distinct superfamily supported by the
molecular analysis of Harasewych et a!. (1998).
^ Classiftcation of Viviparidae after Ponder & Waren (1 988).
*• Acanthonematidae included in Cerithimorpha by Nüt-
zel (1998) based on Orttionema and allies. The sub-
family Orthonematinae has since been moved to
Palaeostyloidea, and there is no argument to place
Acanthonema in Cerithioidea (Nützel, pers. comm.). The
genus is poorly known.
^ Classiftcation based on Ponder & Waren (1988) with
additions and modiftcations based on Lozouet (1986)
[Potamididae], Bändel (1993b); Houbrick (1990a [inclu-
sion of Fossarinae in Planaxidaej; 1 991 b [status of Cerithideidae]),
Healy ( 1 993), Ponder (1 994), and Lydeard
et al. (2002). Classiftcation of freshwater clades after
Glaubrecht (1996) and Strong (pers. comm).