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Examples:
The stem of the genus Petropoma Gabb,
1877, is Petropomat- [Code, 3^*^ edition. Appendix
D, Table 2], and Petropominae Cox,
1 960, was, under the first, second and third
editions of the Code, an incorrect original
spelling that was to be corrected to
Petropomatinae. It was so corrected by
Hickman & McLean, 1990, and this is here
considered the correct spelling.
Semisinusinae p. Fischer & Crosse, 1891, is
formed on Semisinus P. Fischer, 1885, an
unjustified emendation [Art. 32.5.3] of
Hemisinus Swainson, 1840. Semisinusinae is
an incorrect original spelling that was corrected
to Hemisinuinae by Thiele, 1928. However,
the stem of Hemisinus is Hemisin-, not
Hemisinu-, and under Art. 29.3 the familygroup
name formed from Hemisinus is
Hemisininae. There are very few works that
deal with the taxonomy of this group of gastropods,
and there is no "prevailing usage"
that would justify maintaining the spellings
Hemisinusinae or Hemisinuinae; we have thus
considered Hemisininae to be the correct
spelling. The author of Hemisininae is P.
Fischer & Crosse, 1 891
The stem of the genus Morum Röding, 1 798,
is Mor- and the derived family-group name
should be Morinae. However, as there was
already a family Moridae Goode & Bean,
1896, based on the fish genus Mora Risso,
1826, Hughes & Emerson (1987) established
MoRUMiNAE from Morum. This was the right
approach under Art. 29.6, and Moruminae is
a correct spelling under Art. 29.1.
However, under Art. 55.3.1, changing the
stem of an existing family-group name to
avoid homonymy can be done only by the
Commission. Schileyko (1998 [in 1998-
2003]) emended Buliminidae Kobelt, 1880
(based on Buliminus Beck, 1837), to
BuLiMiNuiDAE to avoid homonymy with
Buliminidae Jones, 1875 (based on Bulimina
d'Orbigny, 1826). This was not permissible
under the Code, and the case had to be
brought to the Commission for a ruling.
Hausdorf (2001 ) petitioned the Commission
to that effect, and Opinion 2018 ruled
BuLiMiNusiDAE to be the correct spelling.
Validity
The taxonomical validity of a nominal taxon
is determined subjectively by the opinion of
individual taxonomists. An author may con-
BOUCHET&ROCROI
sider that two nominal family-group names are
valid when another author may consider them
the same taxon, with one name a junior synonym
of the other. Taxonomical validity is not
determined by the Code and is not considered
in this nomenclátor.
Nomenclatural validity is a different issue that
is determined objectively by the application of
the Code. Validity is determined by Art. 23
[Principle of Priority] and 24 [Principle of the
First Reviser], as well as parts of Arts. 35-41
[Family-Group Taxa and Names]. Of particu-
lar relevance to this nomenclátor are the fol-
lowing Articles.
(1) "The name of a family-group taxon is in-
valid if the name of its type genus is a junior
homonym or has been suppressed by the
Commission" [Art. 39].
Examples:
The name Polytropidae Koken, 1925, is invalid
because its type genus Polytropis de
Koninck, 1881, is a junior homonym of
Po/yirop/s Sandberger, 1875.
The name Xerophilidae Mörch, 1864, is in-
valid because its type genus Xerophila Held,
1838, has been placed by Opinion 431 on
the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid
Generic Names in Zoology.
(2) "When the name of a type genus of a nomi-
nal family-group taxon is considered to be a
junior synonym of the name of another nomi-
nal genus, the family group name is not to
be replaced on that account alone" [Art.
40.1].
Example:
Hinoide & Habe (1978) placed Pedumicra
Iredale & Laseron, 1957, in synonymy of
Parastrophia de Folin, 1869, and replaced
Pedumicrinae Iredale & Laseron, 1957, with
the new name Parastrophiinae. This replacement
is unjustified under the Code and the
nomenclaturally valid name of the familygroup
taxon containing Pedumicra and
Parastropfiia is Pedumicrinae.
(3) "If, however, a family-group name was replaced
before 1961 because of the synonymy
of the type genus, the replacement
name is to be maintained if it is in prevailing
usage. A name maintained by virtue of this
Article retains its own author but takes the
precedence of the replaced name of which
it is deemed to be the senior synonym" [Art.
40.2].