Untitled

Examples where Art. 40.2 does not apply:
Suter (1909) placed Columbella Lamarck,
1 799, and Pyrene Röding, 1 798, in the same
family. He did not treat them as synonyms
but, because Pyrene was the senior name,
he used the new name Pyrenidae instead of
CoLUMBELLiDAE Swainson, 1840. Pyrenidae is
not a replacement name in the sense of Art.
40.2, and it does not take the precedence of
COLUMBELLIDAE.
Dall (1866) established Pompholiginae based
on Pompholyx Lea, 1856. However, the type
genus is a junior homonym of Pompholyx
Gosse, 1851 [Rotifera]. Lindholm (1927b)
replaced Pompholyx and Pompholiginae with
the names Pompholycodea and Pompholycodeinae
respectively. The replacement was
not a consequence of synonymy of the type
genus and Art. 40.2 does not apply.
Examples where Art. 40.2 applies:
Suter (1913) placed Dolium Lamarck, 1 801
in synonymy of Tonna Brünnich, 1772, and
replaced Doliidae Latreille, 1825, with the
new name Tonnidae. Tonnidae is in prevail-
ing usage and is to be maintained, with the
precedence of Doliidae. It should be cited
Tonnidae Suter, 1913(1825).
Beyond such cases that fit literally to the
wording of the Code, there is a broader ar-
NOMENCLÁTOR OF GASTROPOD FAMILIES 11
ray of cases in which the author establish-
ing the younger family-group name did not
explicitly state that he did so "because of the
synonymy of the type genus".
For instance, when he established the name
DisciNAE, Thiele (1931 [in 1929-1935]) did
not state that he was replacing Patulinae
Tryon, 1866, because of the synonymy of
Patula Held, 1 837, nor did he even mention
the name Patulinae, but he cited Patula as a
synonym oWiscus Fitzinger, 1833. We have
treated this as a situation covered by Art.
40.2. DisciDAE is in prevailing usage and is
to be maintained, with the precedence of
Patulinae. It should be cited Discidae Thiele,
1931 (1866).
Departing still a little further from the letter
of Art. 40.2, there are cases in which the
author establishing the younger family-group
name not only did not explicitly stated that
he was doing so "because of the synonymy
of the type genus" but not even mentioned
the synonymy of the genera involved.
For instance, when he established
Melampidae, Stimpson (1851) did not state
he was replacing Conovulidae W. Clark,
1850, because of the synonymy of
Conovulus Bowdich, 1822, nor did he mentioned
the names Conovulidae or Conovulus.
However, Melampus Montfort, 1810, and
Conovulus are (objective) synonyms, and
Melampinae is in prevailing usage. We have
also treated this as a situation covered by
Art. 40.2, and we have maintained
Melampinae Stimpson, 1851 (1850), as the
valid name.
Names that are invalid under Art. 39, or because
they have been placed on the Official
Index, are permanently invalid, and
cannot be used as valid in any classifica-
tion. Taxonomical synonyms are also invalid,
but only within the frame of a classification,
and these may be resurrected by another
author who has a different opinion about
classification.
Example:
Our classification recognizes a family
Phenacolepadidae with three synonyms, two
of which are invalid under Art. 39.
Family Phenacolepadidae Pilsbry, 1895
[= Scutellidae Angas, 1871 (inv.);
= Scutellinidae Dall, 1889 (inv.);
= Shinkailepadidae Okutani, Saito &
Hashimoto, 1989]
A hypothetical author considering that the
family necessitates more ranks between
family and genus could come with another
classification, e.g.:
Family Phenacolepadidae Pilsbry, 1895
SF Phenacolepadinae Pilsbry, 1895
[= Scutellidae Angas, 1871 (inv.);
= Scutellinidae Dall, 1889 (inv.)]
SF Shinkailepadinae Okutani, Saito &
Hashimoto, 1989
Principle of Coordination
Article 36 states that: "A name established
for a taxon at any rank in the family group is
deemed to be simultaneously established with
the same author and date for taxa based upon
the same name-bearing type (type genus) at
other ranks in the family group, with appropri-
ate mandatory change of suffix".
Example:
Ellis (1926) established the name Milacidae
at family rank. He is deemed to have established
that name at any other rank in the fam-
ily group. The author and date of Milacinae
is Ellis, 1926, despite that it was declared a
new subfamily by Germain (1931).