PUBLIC OPINION by WALTER LIPPMANN TO FAYE LIPPMANN ...

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comparison between the decision, which he understands, and the facts, which he organized. 4 For the physical sciences this change in strategic position began slowly, and then accelerated rapidly. There was a time when the inventor and the engineer were romantic half-starved outsiders, treated as cranks. The business man and the artisan knew all the mysteries of their craft. Then the mysteries grew more mysterious, and at last industry began to depend upon physical laws and chemical combinations that no eye could see, and only a trained mind could conceive. The scientist moved from his noble garret in the Latin Quarter into office buildings and laboratories. For he alone could construct a working image of the reality on which industry rested. From the new relationship he took as much as he gave, perhaps more: pure science developed faster than applied, though it drew its economic support, a great deal of its inspiration, and even more of its relevancy, from constant contact with practical decision. But physical science still labored under the enormous limitation that the men who made decisions had only their commonsense to guide them. They administered without scientific aid a world complicated by scientists. Again they had to deal with facts they could not apprehend, and as once they had to call in engineers, they now have to call in statisticians, accountants, experts of all sorts. These practical students are the true pioneers of a new social science. They are "in mesh with the driving wheels" [Footnote: Cf. The Address of the President of the American Philosophical Association, Mr. Ralph Barton Perry, Dec. 28, 1920. Published in the Proceedings of the Twentieth Annual Meeting.] and from this practical engagement of science and action, both will benefit radically: action by the clarification of its beliefs; beliefs by a continuing test in action. We are in the earliest beginnings. But if it is conceded that all large forms of human association must, because of sheer practical difficulty, contain men who will come to see the need for an expert reporting of their particular environment, then the imagination has a premise on which to work. In the exchange of technic and result among expert staffs, one can see, I think, the beginning of experimental method in social science. When each school district and budget, and health department, and factory, and tariff schedule, is the material of knowledge for every other, the number of comparable experiences begins to approach the dimensions of genuine experiment. In forty-eight states, and 2400 cities, and 277,000 school houses, 270,000 manufacturing establishments, 27,000 mines and quarries, there is a wealth of experience, if only it were recorded and available. And there is, too, opportunity for trial and error at such slight risk that any reasonable hypothesis might be given a fair test without
shaking the foundations of society. The wedge has been driven, not only by some directors of industry and some statesmen who had to have help, but by the bureaus of municipal research, [Footnote: The number of these organizations in the United States is very great. Some are alive, some half dead. They are in rapid flux. Lists of them supplied to me by Dr. L. D. Upson of the Detroit Bureau of Governmental Research, Miss Rebecca B. Rankin of the Municipal Reference Library of New York City, Mr. Edward A. Fitzpatrick, Secretary of the State Board of Education (Wisconsin), Mr. Savel Zimand of the Bureau of Industrial Research (New York City), run into the hundreds.] the legislative reference libraries, the specialized lobbies of corporations and trade unions and public causes, and by voluntary organizations like the League of Women Voters, the Consumers' League, the Manufacturers' Associations: by hundreds of trade associations, and citizens' unions; by publications like the _Searchlight on Congress_ and the _Survey_; and by foundations like the General Education Board. Not all by any means are disinterested. That is not the point. All of them do begin to demonstrate the need for interposing some form of expertness between the private citizen and the vast environment in which he is entangled. CHAPTER XXVI INTELLIGENCE WORK 1 THE practice of democracy has been ahead of its theory. For the theory holds that the adult electors taken together make decisions out of a will that is in them. But just as there grew up governing hierarchies which were invisible in theory, so there has been a large amount of constructive adaptation, also unaccounted for in the image of democracy. Ways have been found to represent many interests and functions that are normally out of sight. We are most conscious of this in our theory of the courts, when we explain their legislative powers and their vetoes on the theory that there are interests to be guarded which might be forgotten by the elected officials. But the Census Bureau, when it counts, classifies, and correlates people, things, and changes, is also speaking for unseen factors in the environment. The Geological Survey makes mineral resources evident, the Department of Agriculture represents in the councils of the nation factors of which each farmer sees only an infinitesimal part. School authorities, the Tariff Commission, the
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TO FAYE LIPPMANN Wading River, Long
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CHAPTER I - INTRODUCTION THE WORLD
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Far less should he go to the Antipo
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darkened brains toward him as towar
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Pennsylvania mining town, plunged s
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of American marines on the Dalmatia
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describe. Yet these fictions determ
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[Footnote: _Cf_. Wallas, _Our Socia
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p. 151.] What for a sociologist is
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task of a political science that ha
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eal one was. But a few days later a
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already at the front. There will re
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treaties, or when Mr. Hughes invest
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that a change in the art of shipbui
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iological clan. Membership is intim
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It is no part of our inquiry to att
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ated themselves at more than fiftee
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Chicago business men in 1916 for pr
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It is doubtful whether a supreme ma
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"A native of an unfriendly country.
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9% increase of clang in the second
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difference between Frege and Peano,
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otherwise vague and wavering." But
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_Cf._ also his comment on _Dante's
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painter, for example, or a cultivat
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world, however, during the last few
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have arranged their lives as if the
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happens. If the man is no longer pl
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an ecclesiastical bearing and "conf
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once more the purely technical conc
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overcrowding; they pointed with pri
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will be known by the governors. In
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uildings which rose, and the bank a
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misjudged the facts, imagined the a
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professing the same stock of religi
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of thing is, I believe, less preval
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that it seems less dangerous to fig
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tells me it is three miles and thin
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seasons. If born in winter, we shou
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the main highway for ninety-nine ye
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and assistance "until such time as
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the most troublesome employee or th
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time, and sampling. We must note no
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Morgan or the King become ideas and
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to be easily popular where the mark
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they find, or pay the price of frus
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lives that seem at first glance dul
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sharply separated. He would say tha
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are never exercised again in the wh
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Thus it may be true enough, as Jame
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described in economic materialism w
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_Op. cit._, Vol. II, p. 390.] "ever
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what proportion, by the motives of
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that wizardry which popular leaders
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stability and prosperity. We should
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People differ widely in their susce
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pervaded the whole of western Europ
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All these considerations entered in
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every corner of the earth. No docum
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end of symbols which once provoked
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likely as not, too busy to be consu
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services in a feudal system, to job
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same reaction takes place in many p
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CHAPTER XV LEADERS AND THE RANK AND
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most practiced, and reaches to high
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impinge upon the private habits of
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e indicated by them. Where the inci
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persuasion has become a self-consci
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infallible origin for the new socia
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dignity of all men, were immediatel
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2 To circumvent this conclusion one
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They looked about them. In the city
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consent or community beyond the fro
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Page 163 and 164: about other people's views of that
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Page 167 and 168: absorbed by one interest: self-gove
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Page 173 and 174: undertakes to discuss the press. Mr
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Page 181 and 182: in a crudely overt act. Smith's fri
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Page 185 and 186: worker in the Pittsburgh district,
Page 187 and 188: phase of a situation. It comes from
Page 189 and 190: headline of the second is "Mrs. Sti
Page 191 and 192: eport that he is dead from a source
Page 193 and 194: encouraged a democracy, still bound
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Page 197: conclusions of a sort that could no
Page 201 and 202: 2 It is no accident that the best d
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Page 207 and 208: the national university and teacher
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Page 213 and 214: the intelligence men for wage table
Page 215 and 216: fate, but with the fate of the oute
Page 217 and 218: When Plato came to the point where
Page 219 and 220: slower than the rate at which actio
Page 221: quality which a human being has exh
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PUBLIC OPINION by WALTER LIPPMANN TO FAYE LIPPMANN ...

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