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Expert sampling was used for the second set of questionnaires. This set was e-mailed to ten experts that the researcher identified as people who have the specialist knowledge needed to make informed opinions and comments. Frazer and Lawley (2000) described four types of questionnaires: mail questionnaires, personally administered questionnaires, telephone questionnaires and Internet questionnaires. Of these, personally administered questionnaires and telephone questionnaires are conducted by the researcher who asks the questions and records the responses given by the respondent. Mail questionnaires and Internet or e-mail questionnaires are “self-administered questionnaires” with no direct interaction between the researcher and the respondent (Bernard, 2006, p. 258). Two of the most prominent advantages of mail questionnaires are their economy and ease of administration (Frankfort-Nachmias & Nachmias, 1996). Mail questionnaires also provide greater anonymity. Furthermore, mail questionnaires reduce the rate of errors caused by any bias created by the nature of the interaction between the interviewer and the interviewee and the variability in the skills of the administrator (Sarantakos, 1998). Finally, mail questionnaires grant respondents more time to consider their answers rather than having to give an immediate response (Frankfort- Nachmias & Nachmias, 1996). However, a marked disadvantage of mail questionnaires can be their low response rate (Bernard, 2006), because a low response rate will affect the validity of generalizing any research findings (Frankfort–Nachmias & Nachmias, 1996). Frankfort–Nachmias and Nachmias suggest that non-respondents usually are the poorly educated who may have difficulty understanding the questions, the elderly who are not able to respond, and the more mobile who are difficult to locate. If these categories of respondents are excluded due to their non-response, then the returned responses may not accurately represent the population originally defined by the researcher and this will create a bias in the findings (Frankfort–Nachmias & Nachmias, 1996). Furthermore, since questionnaires can use only simple, straightforward questions, this method eliminates the opportunity for probing further than the given answer (Jennings, 2001). Finally, there is no guarantee that the questionnaire is completed by the intended respondent (Bernard, 2006). The advantages and disadvantages of mail questionnaires are compared in Table 3.2. 56
Table 3. 2 Advantages vantages and disadvantages of mail questionnaires A more recent advance on traditional form of mail questionnaires is the ee-questionnaire, i.e. using e-mail mail (electronic mail) to distribute questionnaires. E-mail questionnaires have the advantage of being able to be distributed to a large population at a relatively low cost (Bernard, 2006) 2006). In addition, the most t significant appeal of ee-mail questionnaires is the their “scope and speed of contact” (Jennings, 2001, p. 240). This aspect of e-mail mail questionnaires makes them ideal to use in geographically dispersed and remote areas where conducting interviews would seem iimpractical mpractical and the cost of mail questionnaires prohibitive (Bernard, 2006). E-mails mails can be delivered within minutes at a relatively low cost compared with conventional mail, which could take days to deliver and cost more (Sheehan & Hoy, 1999) 1999). In terms of response quality, Paolo Paolo, Bonaminio, Gibson, Patridge and Kallail (2000) stated that respondents tend to provide longer responses to open-ended ended questions in e-mail mail surveys than in most other types of surveys. However, the success of ee-mail mail questionnaires depends on the extent that the target population uses the Internet (Sue & Ritter, 2007). Moreover, again there is no guarantee that the questionnaires are completed by the targeted respondent (Patton, 2002). advantages of mail questionnaires • low cost • no influence of interviewer or technique, therefore reduced biasing error • higher level of anonymity • considered answers • wide access to geographically dispered areas at low cost The two questionnaires used iin this research were e-mail based. . The deciding fact factors for choosing e-mail mail questionnaires were the their ease of distribution and their low cost in comparison with interviews or other forms of questionnaires. In addition, e ee-mail is the most popular and widely used method of communication among businesses in th the Maldives. Mail questionnaires or personal interviewing would be arduous, time consuming and the costs unreasonable in a country like the Maldives where the islands are separated by water and spread over a vast area. Thus Thus, the e-mail mail questionnaire is less costly, less time consuming and more accessible. In addition, the assurance of 57 disadvantages of mail questionnaires • simple, straightforward questions • limits opportunities to further probe or clarify answers • cannot control who completes the questionnaires • low response rates
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The Role of Local Food in Maldives
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CHAPTER FIVE: THE CURRENT ROLE OF F
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Figure 5.26 Buffet dinner .........
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Attestation of authorship “I here
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Abstract In the fiercely competitiv
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1.1 Background to the study CHAPTER
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attractiveness and promoting sustai
Page 15 and 16: Figure 1. 1 Map of the Republic of
Page 17 and 18: CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW The
Page 19 and 20: and nationalities are broadened (Sh
Page 21 and 22: focus on creating “meaningful tou
Page 23 and 24: quality of their services and produ
Page 25 and 26: waiting list for future Guggenheim
Page 27 and 28: Natural and cultural attractions ar
Page 29 and 30: local culture, built heritage, and
Page 31 and 32: Although the above inherent charact
Page 33 and 34: ituals and leisure (Tannahill, 2002
Page 35 and 36: and participation in the experience
Page 37 and 38: Cultural exploration is an integral
Page 39 and 40: 2002). As Jones and Jenkins (2002)
Page 41 and 42: Figure 2. 2 Isle of Arran food trai
Page 43 and 44: globalisation strong local food ide
Page 45 and 46: vegetarian pizza outlets are run by
Page 47 and 48: tradition are made sustainable in t
Page 49 and 50: tourism” (p. 115). As their examp
Page 51 and 52: Slow Food Award in 2000 which recog
Page 53 and 54: eing researched. Although the small
Page 55 and 56: On the other hand, the focus of the
Page 57 and 58: A disadvantage of case sstudies is
Page 59 and 60: 1. data triangulation: uses a range
Page 61 and 62: A number of international organisat
Page 63 and 64: Content analysis has been a valuabl
Page 65: 3.6.2 Surveys “A survey is a good
Page 69 and 70: 3.7 Data validity and reliability I
Page 71 and 72: 3.8 Survey characteristics Out of t
Page 73 and 74: were doing doctoral research that w
Page 75 and 76: was a British protectorate from 188
Page 77 and 78: Figure 4. 2 Population growth rate
Page 79 and 80: 4.3 Economy The Republic of Maldive
Page 81 and 82: 4.4 Agriculture Agriculture plays o
Page 83 and 84: population was badly affected by th
Page 85 and 86: enefits of tourism among all the at
Page 87 and 88: As tourism became established in th
Page 89 and 90: prospect repeatedly proclaimed by e
Page 91 and 92: Table 4. 1 Maldives tourist arrival
Page 93 and 94: Figure 4. 8 Market share of top ten
Page 95 and 96: provided a slow burning barbecue to
Page 97 and 98: Figure 4. 13 Rukuraa and raabadhi S
Page 99 and 100: CHAPTER FIVE: THE CURRENT ROLE OF F
Page 101 and 102: possible” (Sarantakos, 1998, p. 2
Page 103 and 104: Table 5. 3 Frequency of images in p
Page 105 and 106: (Figure 5.3). As Figure 5.4 illustr
Page 107 and 108: Figure 5. 6 Dining experience Sourc
Page 109 and 110: Figure 5. 9 Website with no informa
Page 111 and 112: The description indicates that food
Page 113 and 114: Figure 5. 11 Screw pine Source: Mal
Page 115 and 116: Figure 5. 14 Local ‘tea’ ceremo
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Hence, the kind of analysis needed
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Figure 5. 18 Barbecue menus Source:
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Figure 5. 19 Seafood display Source
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Figure 5. 22 Unloading fish to the
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chefs in our booming tourist indust
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Figure 5. 25 Activities featured as
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Table 5. 5 Importance of using loca
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CHAPTER SIX: DEVELOPING LINKS BETWE
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Table 6. 3 Number of respondents th
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ight quality of products from these
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experts, “It is of great potentia
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have failed to utilise”. One of t
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Figure 6. 1 Number of local and for
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local cuisine. This warning echoes
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• Since tourism operators and exp
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to authentic local foods. In additi
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products. This would pave the way f
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• Promote Maldives as an environm
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Figure 6. 4 Garudhiya bai meal Sour
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Figure 6. 7 Canned curries, garudhi
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Figure 6. 11 Screw pine fruit and n
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Figure 6. 14 Short eats Source: Mal
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Figure 6. 16 Smooth loofah, Thoraa
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Figure 6. 19 Malaafaiy Source: Leis
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Figure 6. 21 Drinks made with local
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CHAPTER SEVEN: CONCLUSIONS In an in
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list ‘local’ food items were of
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apparent from tourism marketing mat
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operator” (Omidi, 2009b). Those r
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Bibliography ADB. (2005). Country s
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Buhalis, D. (2001). The tourism phe
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Everett, S., & Aitchison, C. (2008)
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Heath, E., & Wall, G. (1992). Marke
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Lutfy, M. I. (1995). Dhivehiraajjeg
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MTCA. (2007b). Tourism Yearbook. Ma
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Ravenscroft, N., & Westering, J. V.
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Sheehan, K. (2001). E-mail survey r
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Veal, A. J. (1997). Research method
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Appendix 1 - Operators’ Questionn
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Appendix 3 - Participant Informatio
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Appendix 4 - Ethics Approval 197
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Committee. Until full approval has
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