USGS Professional Paper 1697 - Alaska Resources Library

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72 Metallogenesis and Tectonics of the Russian Far East, Alaska, and the Canadian Cordillera Dillinger-Mystic (NX, DL, MY), Viliga (VL), and Zolotogorskiy (ZL) passive continental-margin terranes, the Avekova (AK), Kilbuck-Idono (KI), Okhotsk (OK), and Omolon (OM) cratonal terranes, and the Beryozovka (BE), Oloy (OL), and Yarakvaam (YA) terranes. Before the rifting, these terranes were parts of either the North Asian Craton (NSC), the North Asian ? WRA (AX) OK KE AK GL Position unknown relative to Yukon-Tanana and Kootenay terranes SD, URS NSC VL BE KEDON ARC 0 800 km 0 800 mi NSC WRA (AX) NSV, KN OM 40 OV URS YR PR RA OL BE UNK o YA TO ? 8-14 o SEL ZL KI NX, DL, MY ANGAYUCHAM OCEAN ANCESTRAL PACIFIC OCEAN Craton Margin (NSV), or the Devonian continental-margin arc that formed along the margins of the North American and North Asian Craton Margins (fig. 29). The newly created terranes remained into the Angayucham Ocean. Derived from the North Asian Craton (NSC) and Craton Margin (NSV) were the Kotelnyi (KT), Omulevka (OV), Prikolyma (PR), Nixon Fork-Dillinger-Mystic EARLY MISSISSIPPIAN SINISTRAL-SLIP FAULTS & KT RIFTS NBR NAM MY DE NAM 360 to 320 Ma NAC NCO MP FL SLIDE MOUNTAIN OCEAN YT METALLOGENIC BELTS BE - Berezovka River FL - Finlayson Lake FR - Frances Lake GA - Gataga KE - Kedon LI - Liard MP - Macmillan Pass MY - Mystic NBR - Northwestern Brooks Range NCO - Northern Cordillera RL - Robb Lake SD - Sette-Daban TO - Tommot River URS - Urultun & Sudar Rivers YR - Yarkhodon LI CACHE CREEK OCEAN Figure 29. Mississippian (360 to 320 Ma) stage of metallogenic-tectonic model for the Russian Far East, Alaska, and the Canadian Cordillera and adjacent offshore areas. Refer to text for explanation of metallogenic-tectonic events. Refer to text for explanation of metallogenic-tectonic events, to tables 3 and 4 for descriptions metallogenic belts and significant deposits, and to figure 18 for explanation of abbreviations, symbols, and patterns. Adapted from Nokleberg and others (1997b, 1998, 2000). 0 o RL GA NAC KO ?
(NX, DL, MY), Viliga (VL), and Zolotogorskiy (ZL) passive continental-margin terranes and the Avekova (AK), Kilbuck-Idono (KI), Okhotsk (OK), and Omolon (OM) cratonal terranes. Derived from the Devonian continental-margin arc that formed along the margins of the North Asian Craton Margin were the Beryozovka (BE), Oloy (OL), and Yarakvaam (YA) terranes (fig. 29). Derived from the North American Craton Margin (NAM) were the Kootenay (KO) and Yukon-Tanana (YT) passive continental-margin terranes. Accompanying the rifting was formation of the Northwestern Berezovka River (BE), Brooks Range (NBR), Dempster (DE), Finlayson Lake (FL), Gataga (GA), Northern Cordillera (NCO), Macmillan Pass (MP), older part of Mystic (MY), Selennyakh River (SEL), Sette-Daban (SD), Southern Rocky Mountain (SRM), Tommot River (TO), and Urultun and Sudar Rivers (URS) metallogenic belts, which all contain massive sulfide, carbonatiterelated Nb, Ta, and REE, and related deposits. (2) Movement along a series of oblique-sinistral rifts resulted in the separation of North Asian and North American Cratons and Cratons Margins. (3) The Kedon continental margin arc and associated subduction zone continued activity along the margin of the North Asian Craton and Craton Margin (NSC, NSV) until about the late Early Mississippian. Associated with the arc was subduction of the older part of the Galam (GL) accretionary wedge terrane. Remnants of the arc are preserved in the part of the North Asian Craton and Craton Margin (NSC, NSV, KN, units that overlie parts of the Okhotsk (OK), Akekova (AK), Omolon (OM) cratonal terranes, (3) the Oloy (OL) and Yarakvaam (YA) island-arc terranes, and the Beryozovka (BE) turbidite-basin terrane. (4) The Sicker island arc, which formed in the Devonian along most of the length of the Wrangellia superterrane (WRA) ceased activity. Insufficient data exist to ascertain the relative positions of the Wrangellia superterrane. Metallogenic Belt Formed During Mississippian-Pennsylvanian Back-Arc Spreading Along North American Craton Margin Northwestern Brooks Range Metallogenic Belt of SEDEX Zn-Pb, Bedded Barite, Kuroko Massive Sulfide, and Sulfide Vein Deposits (Belt NBR), Northwestern Alaska The major Northwestern Brooks Range metallogenic belt of large SEDEX Zn-Pb-Ag (SEDEX), kuroko massive sulfide, bedded barite, and sulfide vein deposits (fig. 17; tables 3, 4) occurs in northwestern Alaska. The metallogenic belt is hosted in the Kagvik sequence in the Endicott Mountains passive continental margin terrane of the Arctic Alaska superterrane (Nokleberg and others, 1994c, 1997c). The belt extends along strike for more than 200 km. Locally associated with the SEDEX deposits are vein sulfide deposits. The larger SEDEX Zn-Pb-Ag deposits are at Lik and the Red Dog Creek deposit, a world-class mine of zinc and lead (Schmidt, 1997a), Mississippian Metallogenic Belts (360 to 320 Ma; figs. 16, 17) 73 and the Drenchwater Creek kuroko-massive sulfide deposit (Nokleberg and Winkler, 1982; Lange and others, 1985). Other deposits in the belt are the Hannum Creek metamorphosed SEDEX Zn-Pb? deposit, the Omar Kipushi Cu-Pb-Zn deposit, the Frost, Story Creek, and Whoopee Creek Cu-Zn-Pb-Ba sulfide vein deposits, and the Nimiuktuk bedded barite deposit (table 4) (Nokleberg and others 1997a,b, 1998). Red Dog Creek SEDEX Zn-Pb Deposit The Red Dog Creek SEDEX Zn-Pb-Ag deposit (fig. 39) (Tailleur, 1970; Plahuta, 1978; Booth, 1983; Joseph T. Plahuta, L.E. Young, J.S. Modene, and D.W. Moore, written commun., 1984; Lange and others, 1985; Moore and others, 1986; Schmidt, 1997a; Schmidt and Zierenberg, 1988; Bundtzen and others, 1996) consists of disseminated and massive sphalerite, galena, pyrite, and barite in Mississippian and Pennsylvanian shale, chert, and silica exhalite of the Kuna Formation. The deposit is 1,600 m long and as much as 150 m thick and occurs near the base of the Kuna Formation. Barite-rich lenses, as much as 50 m thick locally cap the deposit. The sulfide minerals occur as disseminated sulfides in organic-rich siliceous shale, coarse-grained sulfide veins, fine-grained, fragmentaltextured to indistinctly bedded sulfides,; and silica exhalite lenses. Minor hydrothermal alteration consists of silicification and decarbonatization of shale. A small, propylitically altered diorite plug or hydrothermally altered pyroxene andesite flow occurs at north end of deposit. Prior to mining, which began in 1990, the Main deposit was estimated to contain 85 million tonnes grading 17.1 percent Zn, 5 percent Pb, and 82 g/t Ag. By the end of 1999, the four SEDEX deposits at Red Dog (Main, Aggaluk, Hill Top, Anarrag) contained an estimated 142.3 million tonnes grading 15.8 percent Zn, 4.3 percent Pb, and 83 g/t Ag (Swainbank and Szumigla, 2000) The host rocks and deposit are extensively structurally imbricated along many subhorizontal thrust faults. Graywacke of the Cretaceous Okpikruak Formation structurally underlies deposit. Drenchwater Creek SEDEX Zn-Pb and (or) Kuroko Massive Sulfide Deposit The Drenchwater Creek SEDEX Zn-Pb and (or) kuroko massive sulfide deposit consists of disseminated and massive sphalerite, galena, pyrite, and barite in Mississippian shale, chert, tuff, and quartz-exhalite of the Kagvik sequence (Nokleberg and Winkler, 1982; Lange and others, 1985). Volcanic sandstone and keratophyre are locally abundant. The sulfides occur as disseminations in chert, disseminations and massive aggregates in quartz-exhalite, and as sparse, remobilized disseminations in sulfide-quartz veins crosscutting cleavage in shale and chert. Locally extensive hydrothermal alteration of chert and shale is accompanied by extensive replacement by kaolinite, montmorillonite, sericite, prehnite, fluorite, actinolite, chlorite, calcite, and quartz. Grab samples contain more than 1 percent Zn, 2 percent Pb, and 150 g/t Ag. The deposit is as much as 1,800 m long and as much as 50 m thick. The host rocks and deposit are extensively faulted and structurally imbricated by many thrust faults that dip moderately south
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USGS Prepared in collaboration with
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U.S. Department of the Interior Gal
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iv Hart River SEDEX Zn-Cu-Ag Deposi
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vi Specific Events for Middle Throu
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viii Metallogenic Belts Formed Duri
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x Origin of and Tectonic Controls f
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xii Toodoggone Metallogenic Belt of
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xiv Slate Creek Serpentinite-Hosted
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xvi Left Omolon Belt of Porphyry Mo
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xviii Origin of and Tectonic Contro
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xx Chukotka Metallogenic Belt of Au
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xxii Plutonic Rocks Hosting East-Ce
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xxiv Skeena Metallogenic Belt of Po
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xxvi Bee Creek Porphyry Cu Deposit
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xxviii 36. Wellgreen gabbroic Ni-Cu
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xxx 87. Partizanskoe Pb-Zn skarn de
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Metallogenesis and Tectonics of the
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format (Nokleberg and others, 1996)
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logenesis of the region (1) subduct
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Subterrane—A fault-bounded unit w
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dilemma consists of two conflicting
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2 to 20 m thick. A related dolomite
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Lantarsky-Dzhugdzhur Metallogenic B
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Origin of and Tectonic Controls for
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Metallogenic Belts Formed During Pr
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as at Oz, Monster, and Tart, may al
Page 53 and 54: Monashee Metallogenic Belt of Sedim
Page 55 and 56: Clark Range Metallogenic Belt of Se
Page 57 and 58: in addition to the Fe deposits. Min
Page 59 and 60: study) consists of lenses, from 100
Page 61 and 62: Omulev Austrian Alps W Deposit The
Page 63 and 64: ock, including coarse clastic rock,
Page 65 and 66: lative metalliferous brines in a re
Page 67 and 68: Prince of Wales Island Metallogenic
Page 69 and 70: suite of deposits and host rocks ar
Page 71 and 72: margin of the North American Craton
Page 73 and 74: newly created terranes migrated int
Page 75 and 76: (Ryazantzeva and Shurko, 1992). The
Page 77 and 78: tonnes Au and an average grade of a
Page 79 and 80: mafic and felsic metavolcanic rocks
Page 81 and 82: intrusion from about 402 to 366 Ma
Page 83 and 84: Origin of and Tectonic Controls for
Page 85 and 86: mentary rocks of the Cambrian to De
Page 87 and 88: (Preto and Schiarizza, 1985; Schiar
Page 91 and 92: ate and clastic rocks and volcanicl
Page 93 and 94: (Nokleberg and others, 1994c, 1997c
Page 95 and 96: Berezovka River Metallogenic Belt o
Page 99 and 100: Finlayson Lake Metallogenic Belt of
Page 101 and 102: and barite in siliceous black turbi
Page 103: Windermere Creek (Western Gypsum) C
Page 107 and 108: South of the main east-west-trendin
Page 109 and 110: ated subduction zone in the Wrangel
Page 111 and 112: icite-biotite-quartz bodies in frac
Page 113 and 114: Canada Cordillera. The granitoid ro
Page 115 and 116: Viliga (VL) passive continental-mar
Page 117 and 118: 32; tables 3, 4) occurs along the n
Page 119 and 120: superterrane, consists mainly of ma
Page 121 and 122: ers, 1994c, 1997c). In southern Bri
Page 123 and 124: mental volcanic rocks of intermedia
Page 125 and 126: a resource of 34.3 million tonnes o
Page 127 and 128: potassic zone. Combined estimated p
Page 129 and 130: and quartz monzodiorite stock and s
Page 131 and 132: and Omolon (OM) cratonal terranes,
Page 133 and 134: in volcanic and volcaniclastic rock
Page 135 and 136: minor calcite, and sporadic pyrite
Page 137 and 138: supergene blanket are interpreted a
Page 139 and 140: deposits and occurrences consist of
Page 141 and 142: onto the Omulevka terrane to form t
Page 143 and 144: superterrane. This belt is interpre
Page 145 and 146: to form along the leading edge of t
Page 147 and 148: quartz, and is virtually not associ
Page 149 and 150: deposits are at Terrassnoe and Kuna
Page 151 and 152: Peschanka Porphyry Cu-Mo Deposit Th
Page 153 and 154: The belt is hosted in the Late Jura
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in a island arc that was tectonical
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and Early Cretaceous Koyukuk island
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The deposit consists of disseminate
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The Orange Hill deposit contains an
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49; tables 3, 4) (Foley and others,
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locally Late Triassic marine volcan
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gold in a gangue of quartz, calcite
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Verkhoyansk granite belt, which int
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metallogenic belts are interpreted
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assemblages, which may have been mo
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during hypogene and supergene alter
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collision and regional thrusting, t
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Yur Au Quartz Vein Deposit The smal
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phase has a Rb-Sr isotopic age of 1
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sian Northeast. The belt is hosted
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Host Granitoid Rocks and Associated
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that are up to 600-1,500 m long, av
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Metallogenic Belts Formed During La
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y partly coeval plutons that range
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tion is interpreted as occuring by
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the Badzhal-Ezop and Khingan parts
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and comagmatic with volcanic rocks;
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as interpreted for the Rock Creek d
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source (Yeo, 1992). The Blow River
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2000). The spatial location of the
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to the east in the central Yukon Te
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occur in a 30-km-long belt along ir
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The Emerald deposit has produced ap
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Metallogenic-Tectonic Model for Ear
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cham oceans were closed, and the Ch
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greisenized Mesozoic granite that i
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composition magmatic bodies (with a
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Origin of and Tectonic Controls for
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to Albian pelecypods (Nokleberg and
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quartz-arsenopyrite-pyrrhotite, pol
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thermally altered to siliceous and
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These ore bodies are as much as 1 m
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Eastern Asia-Arctic Metallogenic Be
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Demin, and Krasilnikov, 1974; Nekra
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10 percent Cu, as much as 0.92 perc
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pyrite, pyrite, galena, sphalerite,
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content decreases with depth, as do
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azdelnoye, (2) porphyry Sn deposits
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Karalveem Au Quartz Vein Deposit Th
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Democrat (Mitchell Lode) Granitoid-
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with high-temperature and high-pres
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chalcocite and covellite and also h
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cum-North Pacific, (2) completion o
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(6) In the Paleocene (about 56 to 6
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sists of cinnabar and metacinnabari
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Eastern Asia-Arctic Metallogenic Be
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groups of deposits are interpreted
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Indian Mountain and Purcell Mountai
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and southeastern Alaska (Moll and P
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Nokleberg and others, 1995a; Bundtz
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g/t Au or 368.2 Au gold. The deposi
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wim Group and altered mafic dikes.
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Mount Nansen porphyry Cu-Mo deposit
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A Map 450 500 550 Cross section Dik
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Cretaceous and early Tertiary conti
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deposits, at Chichagoff and Hirst-C
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others, 1994c, 1997c). The signific
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tonnes grading 0.53 percent Ni, 0.3
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with a 0.25 percent cut-off. The de
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Bulkley Metallogenic Belt of Porphy
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Red Rose W-Au-Cu-Ag Polymetallic Ve
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ish Columbia and consists of severa
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during back-arc extension or transt
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stocks and dikes, is associated wit
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etrograde minnesotaite (Fe talc), F
Page 295 and 296:
Specific Events for Early to Middle
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of fractured and faulted Permian-Tr
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sists of a mineralized fracture zon
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dolomite. Wall rock alteration incl
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elt of late Tertiary plutons that a
Page 305 and 306:
plates that exhibit magnetic anomal
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stages (Petrenko, 1999): (1) In the
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mon. The deposit is of medium size
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Metallogenic-Tectonic Model for Lat
Page 313 and 314:
The origin of the Hg deposits of th
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margin or island-arc tectonic envir
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Columbia: Implicatons for the Middl
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Bazard, D.R., Butler, R.F., Gehrels
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Bradley, D.C., Haeussler, P.J., and
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Bundtzen, T.K., Laird, G.M., Caluti
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Cecile, M.P., 1982, The lower Paleo
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Debari, S.M., and Coleman, R.G., 19
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U.S. Bureau of Land Management Open
Page 331 and 332:
Cordilleran Orogen in Canada: Geolo
Page 333 and 334:
Goldfarb, R., Hart, C., Miller, M.,
Page 335 and 336:
Grove, E.W., 1986, Geology and mine
Page 337 and 338:
Høy, T., 1982a, Stratigraphic and
Page 339 and 340:
Jones, D.L., Silberling, N.J., Cone
Page 341 and 342:
Kutyev, F. Sh., Baikov, A.I., Sidor
Page 343 and 344:
Shield—Ultramafic magma and its m
Page 345 and 346:
Manns, F.T., 1981, Stratigraphic as
Page 347 and 348:
Miller, M.L., and Bundtzen, T.K., 1
Page 349 and 350:
Mortimer, N., 1987, The Nicola Grou
Page 351 and 352:
Noble, S.R., Spooner, E.T.C., and H
Page 353 and 354:
Canada Annual Meeting, Saskatoon, S
Page 355 and 356:
Perello, J.A., Fleming, J.A., O’K
Page 357 and 358:
Far East—Mineralogical criteria f
Page 359 and 360:
Roeske, S.M., Mattinson, J.M., and
Page 361 and 362:
Schmidt, J.M., and Zierenberg, R.A.
Page 363 and 364:
formation occurrences: Materialy po
Page 365 and 366:
Struik, L.C., 1986, Imbricated terr
Page 367 and 368:
Valuy, G., and Rostovsky, F., 1988,
Page 369 and 370:
Wolfe, W.J., 1995, Exploration and
Page 371 and 372:
Appendix Table 1. Mineral deposit m
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Table 2 Summary of correlations and
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Table 2—Continued Unit(s) and Cor
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Table 2—Continued Unit(s) and Cor
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Table 3—Continued Metallogenic Be
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Table 4. Significant lode deposits,
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Table 4—Continued Appendix 369 De
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Table 4—Continued Tracy Metalloge
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Table 4—Continued Appendix 373 In
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Table 4—Continued Deposit Name Mi
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Table 4—Continued Mainits Metallo
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Table 4—Continued Whitehorse Meta
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Table 4—Continued Appendix 389 LA
Page 423 and 424:
Page 425 and 426:
Table 4—Continued Surprise Lake M
Page 427 and 428:
Table 4—Continued Sredinny Metall
Page 429:
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