USGS Professional Paper 1697 - Alaska Resources Library

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82 Metallogenesis and Tectonics of the Russian Far East, Alaska, and the Canadian Cordillera imbrication of the Stikinia-Quesnellia island arc and metallogenic belt, and associated subduction zones. Sedimentation continued along the passive continental margins of North Asia and North America. Specific Events for Late Triassic (Carnian through Norian) (1) The continental-margin Uda arc, defined by the Uda volcanic-plutonic belt (ud) and associated units, commenced activity and was associated with subduction and sinistral 80 60 o NSS MONGOL- OKHOTSK OCEAN o ? TD GL ud ud TL KONY-MURGAL ARC KM PA TALKEETNA ARC MO UL Nikolai Greenstone UDA ARC CG NSC AK KOD WRA (PE) NSV, KN BONANZA WRA ARC (WR) AX WRA (AX) OK VL Karmutsen Formation CG OM OIMYAKON OCEAN PR BE OL 15 o BR YA ANCESTRAL PACIFIC OCEAN 0 800 km 0 800 mi o At about 15 latitude EAR ? CACHE CREEK OCEAN ? AC BA CD COLL (TA, KT) SOUTH ANYUI OCEAN OV RA ZL ARG AL, KH ALAZEYA ARC ANGAYU- CHAM OCEAN transpression of the Mongol-Okhotsk oceanic plate to form the Turkuringra-Dzhagdi (TD), Ulban (UL), and older part of Galam (GL) terranes. Both subduction and sinistral transpression occurred along the Mongol-Okhotsk suture (MO). (2) The extensive Kony-Murgal island arc (KM) commenced activity as an offshore extension of the Uda arc. Associated with the arc was subduction of part of the ancestral Pacific oceanic plate to form the Talovskiy (TL) and Penzhina- Anadyr (PA) terranes. Inboard of the Kony-Murgal arc, the Okhotsk (OK) cratonal terrane was accreted to the North Asian Craton (NSC) and Craton Margin (NSV) together with the o At about 25 latitude CC KI FW NX, DL, MY GOOD- NEWS OCEAN TC, GL YT 230 to 208 Ma NAM Stuhini Group NAC SV SEVENTYMILE OCEAN ST SLIDE MOUNTAIN OCEAN STIKINIA- QUESNELLIA ARC Takla & Nicola QN SV QN SM Groups 25 o NAM SLIDE MOUNTAIN OCEAN SM SU CC CMN CACHE CREEK OCEAN METALLOGENIC BELTS AX - Alexander CMN - Copper Mountain North CMS - Copper Mountain South EAR - Eastern Alaska Range GL - Galore GU - Guichon FW - Farewell KOD - Kodiak SU - Sustut TC - Texas Creek NAC CMS, GU Figure 34. Late Triassic (Carnian through Norian—230 to 208 Ma) stage of tectonic model. Refer to text for explanation of metallogenic-tectonic events, to tables 3 and 4 for descriptions metallogenic belts and significant deposits, and to figure 18 for explanation of abbreviations, symbols, and patterns. Adapted from Nokleberg and others (1997b, 1998, 2000). 30 o KO ?
Viliga (VL) passive continental-margin terrane and the Omolon (OM) and Avekova (AK) cratonal terranes. The Kony-Murgal terrane (KM) contains Triassic, Jurassic, and Neocomian Boreal fauna (Dagis and others, 1979; Dagis and Dagis, 1984; Zakharov and others, 1984). The Viliga terrane contains Carboniferous, Permian, Triassic, and Jurassic Boreal fauna. (3) The Alazeya arc, consisting of the Alazeya (AL) and Khetachan (KH) island-arc terranes, continued activity and moved toward the Omulevka Ridge. Associated with the Alazeya arc was subduction of part of the Ancestral Pacific Ocean to form the Aluchin (AC) and Argatas (ARG) accretionary-wedge terranes. These terranes can be traced by magnetic anomalies under extensive Cenozoic deposits of the Russian Northeast (Parfenov and others, 1999). Behind the arc were fragments of prior Devonian to Pennsylvanian island arcs, including the Beryozovka turbidite-basin (BE) and the Oloy (OL) and Yarakvaam (YA) island-arc terranes. (4) The Kotel’nyi passive continental-margin terrane (KT) was accreted and became part of the Taimyr Peninsular collage (TA). Within the Angayucham, Goodnews, and Seventymile Oceans were previously rifted terranes, including the Kilbuck-Idono cratonal (KI) and the combined Nixon Fork-Dillinger-Mystic passive continental-margin terrane (NX, DL, MY). During this time span, before accretion to the North American continent, the Dillinger, Mystic, and Nixon Fork terranes may have experienced several post-rifting events that formed additional units, such as the Triassic basaltic rocks that occur in the Tatina River area. Coeval mafic-ultramafic sills and dikes and cogenetic alkali-olivine basalt flows host gabbroic Ni-Cu-PGE deposits of the Farewell (FW) metallogenic belt. (5) The complex Stikinia-Quesnellia island arc and associated subduction zones were active. The Stuhini Group is preserved in the Stikinia (ST) terrane, whereas the Takla and Nicola Groups are preserved in the Quesnellia (QN) terrane. Forming with the Stikinia-Quesnellia island arc were the Copper Mountain (North; CMN), Copper Mountain (South; CMS), Galore (GL), Guichon (GU), and Texas Creek (TC) belts, which contain granitic magmatism-related deposits. Also in the Stikinia island arc terrane is the Sustut (SU) metallogenic belt of basaltic Cu deposits that is interepreted as forming in in the upper oxidized parts of an island arc volcanic pile during shallow burial metamorphism and diagenesis. The Stikinia- Quesnellia arc is interpreted as forming stratigraphically on the Yukon-Tanana (YT) and Kootenay (KO) terranes, previously rifted fragments of the North American Craton Margin (NAM; Mihalynuk and others, 1994). On the outboard side of the arcs was subduction of part of the Cache Creek oceanic plate to form the Cache Creek terrane (CC). The Cache Creek terrane and similar subduction-zone assemblages, which were tectonically linked to the Talkeetna and Bonanza arcs, along with the Chugach (CG), possibly Bridge River (BR), and Baker (BA) terranes, all contain exotic Permian Tethyan faunas in carbonate blocks in matrices of mainly early Mesozoic age. The Cache Creek terrane contains detritus probably derived from the Stikinia-Quesnellia arc (Monger and Nokleberg, 1996). Late Triassic Metallogenic Belts (230 to 208 Ma; fig. 32) 83 (6) Parts of the Seventymile (SV) and Slide Mountain (SM; Anvil Ocean of Templeman-Kluit, 1979) oceanic plates were obducted onto the Yukon-Tanana (YT) and Kootenay (KO) terranes, and onto the North American Craton Margin (NAM). Part of the obduction occurred by the Late Triassic and (or) Early Jurassic, when granitic plutons of the Stikinia- Quesnellia arc intruded across an intervening fault. (7) The beginning of dextral-slip imbrication of the Stikinia-Quesnellia arc occurred along the Tally Ho shear zone (Hansen and others, 1990; Hart, 1995; inset, fig. 34). Alternatively, the present-day configuration of the Stikinia-Quesnellia island-arc and associated subduction zone terranes may have formed by oroclinal warping and counter-clockwise rotation of the Stikinia-Quesnellia arc in response to a combination of oblique convergence and arc migration toward the companion subduction zone of the Cache Creek terrane (fig. 34) (Mihalynuk and others, 1994). Migration of the Stikinia-Quesnellia arc and associated terranes toward North America was accomplished by subduction and (or) obduction of the Seventymile terrane along the continental margin. (8) The Talkeetna and Bonanza arcs formed along the length of the Wrangellia superterrane. Forming with the arcs were (a) the Kodiak Island and Border Ranges (KOD) metallogenic belt, which contains podiform Cr deposits and is interpreted as forming in the roots of the arc, (b) the eastern and western Alaska Range (EAR) metallogenic belt, which contains gabbroic Ni-Cu, Besshi massive sulfide, and related deposits, and (c) the Alexander (AX) metallogenic belt, which contains deposits related to felsic to mafic marine volcanism. The Talkeetna arc is preserved in the Late Triassic(?) and Jurassic Talkeetna Formation and coeval granitic plutonic rocks of the Peninsular sequence (PE) of the Wrangellia superterrane (WRA), and the Bonzana arc is preserved in the Cadwallader island-arc terrane (CD). Associated with the island arcs was subduction of part the Cache Creek oceanic plate to form the Chugach (CG), possibly Bridge River (BR), and Baker (BA) terranes. These terranes locally contain early Mesozoic blueschist (Plafker and others, 1994). (9) During subduction of the Cache Creek oceanic plate to form the Talkeetna, Bonanza, and Stikinia-Quesnellia arcs, limestone blocks containing mainly Permian Tethyan faunas were accreted, locally in thick and extensive blocks in the subduction-zone complexes of the Chugach (CG) and Cache Creek (CC) terranes (Monger and Berg, 1987; Monger and Nokleberg, 1996). Tethyan faunas are generally interpreted as being derived from the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic Tethys Ocean, remnants of which occur in the present-day Mediterranean region, Middle East, Himalayas, Southeast Asia, eastern China, Russian Southeast, and Japan (Monger and Ross, 1971; Monger and others, 1972; Stevens and others, 1997). (10) In the Wrangellia superterrane (WRA), back-arc rifting or hot-spot activity formed the widespread basalt fields of the Nikolai Greenstone and Karmutsen Formation (Barker and others, 1989; Richards and others, 1991; Lassiter and others, 1994). The mafic magmatism forming those rocks was first interpreted as forming in a rift setting (Barker and others,
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USGS Prepared in collaboration with
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U.S. Department of the Interior Gal
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iv Hart River SEDEX Zn-Cu-Ag Deposi
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vi Specific Events for Middle Throu
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viii Metallogenic Belts Formed Duri
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x Origin of and Tectonic Controls f
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xii Toodoggone Metallogenic Belt of
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xiv Slate Creek Serpentinite-Hosted
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xvi Left Omolon Belt of Porphyry Mo
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xviii Origin of and Tectonic Contro
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xx Chukotka Metallogenic Belt of Au
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xxii Plutonic Rocks Hosting East-Ce
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xxiv Skeena Metallogenic Belt of Po
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xxvi Bee Creek Porphyry Cu Deposit
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xxviii 36. Wellgreen gabbroic Ni-Cu
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xxx 87. Partizanskoe Pb-Zn skarn de
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Metallogenesis and Tectonics of the
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format (Nokleberg and others, 1996)
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logenesis of the region (1) subduct
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Subterrane—A fault-bounded unit w
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dilemma consists of two conflicting
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2 to 20 m thick. A related dolomite
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Lantarsky-Dzhugdzhur Metallogenic B
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Origin of and Tectonic Controls for
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Metallogenic Belts Formed During Pr
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as at Oz, Monster, and Tart, may al
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Monashee Metallogenic Belt of Sedim
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Clark Range Metallogenic Belt of Se
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in addition to the Fe deposits. Min
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study) consists of lenses, from 100
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Omulev Austrian Alps W Deposit The
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Page 65 and 66: lative metalliferous brines in a re
Page 67 and 68: Prince of Wales Island Metallogenic
Page 69 and 70: suite of deposits and host rocks ar
Page 71 and 72: margin of the North American Craton
Page 73 and 74: newly created terranes migrated int
Page 75 and 76: (Ryazantzeva and Shurko, 1992). The
Page 77 and 78: tonnes Au and an average grade of a
Page 79 and 80: mafic and felsic metavolcanic rocks
Page 81 and 82: intrusion from about 402 to 366 Ma
Page 83 and 84: Origin of and Tectonic Controls for
Page 85 and 86: mentary rocks of the Cambrian to De
Page 87 and 88: (Preto and Schiarizza, 1985; Schiar
Page 91 and 92: ate and clastic rocks and volcanicl
Page 93 and 94: (Nokleberg and others, 1994c, 1997c
Page 95 and 96: Berezovka River Metallogenic Belt o
Page 99 and 100: Finlayson Lake Metallogenic Belt of
Page 101 and 102: and barite in siliceous black turbi
Page 103 and 104: Windermere Creek (Western Gypsum) C
Page 105 and 106: (NX, DL, MY), Viliga (VL), and Zolo
Page 107 and 108: South of the main east-west-trendin
Page 109 and 110: ated subduction zone in the Wrangel
Page 111 and 112: icite-biotite-quartz bodies in frac
Page 113: Canada Cordillera. The granitoid ro
Page 117 and 118: 32; tables 3, 4) occurs along the n
Page 119 and 120: superterrane, consists mainly of ma
Page 121 and 122: ers, 1994c, 1997c). In southern Bri
Page 123 and 124: mental volcanic rocks of intermedia
Page 125 and 126: a resource of 34.3 million tonnes o
Page 127 and 128: potassic zone. Combined estimated p
Page 129 and 130: and quartz monzodiorite stock and s
Page 131 and 132: and Omolon (OM) cratonal terranes,
Page 133 and 134: in volcanic and volcaniclastic rock
Page 135 and 136: minor calcite, and sporadic pyrite
Page 137 and 138: supergene blanket are interpreted a
Page 139 and 140: deposits and occurrences consist of
Page 141 and 142: onto the Omulevka terrane to form t
Page 143 and 144: superterrane. This belt is interpre
Page 145 and 146: to form along the leading edge of t
Page 147 and 148: quartz, and is virtually not associ
Page 149 and 150: deposits are at Terrassnoe and Kuna
Page 151 and 152: Peschanka Porphyry Cu-Mo Deposit Th
Page 153 and 154: The belt is hosted in the Late Jura
Page 155 and 156: in a island arc that was tectonical
Page 157 and 158: and Early Cretaceous Koyukuk island
Page 159 and 160: The deposit consists of disseminate
Page 161 and 162: The Orange Hill deposit contains an
Page 163 and 164: 49; tables 3, 4) (Foley and others,
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locally Late Triassic marine volcan
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gold in a gangue of quartz, calcite
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Verkhoyansk granite belt, which int
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metallogenic belts are interpreted
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assemblages, which may have been mo
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during hypogene and supergene alter
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collision and regional thrusting, t
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Yur Au Quartz Vein Deposit The smal
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phase has a Rb-Sr isotopic age of 1
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sian Northeast. The belt is hosted
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Host Granitoid Rocks and Associated
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that are up to 600-1,500 m long, av
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Metallogenic Belts Formed During La
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y partly coeval plutons that range
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tion is interpreted as occuring by
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the Badzhal-Ezop and Khingan parts
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and comagmatic with volcanic rocks;
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as interpreted for the Rock Creek d
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source (Yeo, 1992). The Blow River
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2000). The spatial location of the
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to the east in the central Yukon Te
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occur in a 30-km-long belt along ir
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The Emerald deposit has produced ap
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Metallogenic-Tectonic Model for Ear
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cham oceans were closed, and the Ch
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greisenized Mesozoic granite that i
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composition magmatic bodies (with a
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Origin of and Tectonic Controls for
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to Albian pelecypods (Nokleberg and
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quartz-arsenopyrite-pyrrhotite, pol
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thermally altered to siliceous and
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These ore bodies are as much as 1 m
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Eastern Asia-Arctic Metallogenic Be
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Demin, and Krasilnikov, 1974; Nekra
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10 percent Cu, as much as 0.92 perc
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pyrite, pyrite, galena, sphalerite,
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content decreases with depth, as do
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azdelnoye, (2) porphyry Sn deposits
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Karalveem Au Quartz Vein Deposit Th
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Democrat (Mitchell Lode) Granitoid-
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with high-temperature and high-pres
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chalcocite and covellite and also h
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cum-North Pacific, (2) completion o
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(6) In the Paleocene (about 56 to 6
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sists of cinnabar and metacinnabari
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Eastern Asia-Arctic Metallogenic Be
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groups of deposits are interpreted
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Indian Mountain and Purcell Mountai
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and southeastern Alaska (Moll and P
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Nokleberg and others, 1995a; Bundtz
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g/t Au or 368.2 Au gold. The deposi
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wim Group and altered mafic dikes.
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Mount Nansen porphyry Cu-Mo deposit
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A Map 450 500 550 Cross section Dik
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Cretaceous and early Tertiary conti
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deposits, at Chichagoff and Hirst-C
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others, 1994c, 1997c). The signific
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tonnes grading 0.53 percent Ni, 0.3
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with a 0.25 percent cut-off. The de
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Bulkley Metallogenic Belt of Porphy
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Red Rose W-Au-Cu-Ag Polymetallic Ve
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ish Columbia and consists of severa
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during back-arc extension or transt
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stocks and dikes, is associated wit
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etrograde minnesotaite (Fe talc), F
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Specific Events for Early to Middle
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of fractured and faulted Permian-Tr
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sists of a mineralized fracture zon
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dolomite. Wall rock alteration incl
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elt of late Tertiary plutons that a
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plates that exhibit magnetic anomal
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stages (Petrenko, 1999): (1) In the
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mon. The deposit is of medium size
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Metallogenic-Tectonic Model for Lat
Page 313 and 314:
The origin of the Hg deposits of th
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margin or island-arc tectonic envir
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Columbia: Implicatons for the Middl
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Bazard, D.R., Butler, R.F., Gehrels
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Bradley, D.C., Haeussler, P.J., and
Page 323 and 324:
Bundtzen, T.K., Laird, G.M., Caluti
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Cecile, M.P., 1982, The lower Paleo
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Debari, S.M., and Coleman, R.G., 19
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U.S. Bureau of Land Management Open
Page 331 and 332:
Cordilleran Orogen in Canada: Geolo
Page 333 and 334:
Goldfarb, R., Hart, C., Miller, M.,
Page 335 and 336:
Grove, E.W., 1986, Geology and mine
Page 337 and 338:
Høy, T., 1982a, Stratigraphic and
Page 339 and 340:
Jones, D.L., Silberling, N.J., Cone
Page 341 and 342:
Kutyev, F. Sh., Baikov, A.I., Sidor
Page 343 and 344:
Shield—Ultramafic magma and its m
Page 345 and 346:
Manns, F.T., 1981, Stratigraphic as
Page 347 and 348:
Miller, M.L., and Bundtzen, T.K., 1
Page 349 and 350:
Mortimer, N., 1987, The Nicola Grou
Page 351 and 352:
Noble, S.R., Spooner, E.T.C., and H
Page 353 and 354:
Canada Annual Meeting, Saskatoon, S
Page 355 and 356:
Perello, J.A., Fleming, J.A., O’K
Page 357 and 358:
Far East—Mineralogical criteria f
Page 359 and 360:
Roeske, S.M., Mattinson, J.M., and
Page 361 and 362:
Schmidt, J.M., and Zierenberg, R.A.
Page 363 and 364:
formation occurrences: Materialy po
Page 365 and 366:
Struik, L.C., 1986, Imbricated terr
Page 367 and 368:
Valuy, G., and Rostovsky, F., 1988,
Page 369 and 370:
Wolfe, W.J., 1995, Exploration and
Page 371 and 372:
Appendix Table 1. Mineral deposit m
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Table 2 Summary of correlations and
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Table 2—Continued Unit(s) and Cor
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Table 2—Continued Unit(s) and Cor
Page 379 and 380:
Table 3—Continued Metallogenic Be
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Table 4. Significant lode deposits,
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Table 4—Continued Appendix 369 De
Page 403 and 404:
Table 4—Continued Tracy Metalloge
Page 405 and 406:
Table 4—Continued Appendix 373 In
Page 407 and 408:
Table 4—Continued Deposit Name Mi
Page 409 and 410:
Table 4—Continued Mainits Metallo
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Table 4—Continued Whitehorse Meta
Page 417 and 418:
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Table 4—Continued Appendix 389 LA
Page 423 and 424:
Page 425 and 426:
Table 4—Continued Surprise Lake M
Page 427 and 428:
Table 4—Continued Sredinny Metall
Page 429:
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