USGS Professional Paper 1697 - Alaska Resources Library

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136 Metallogenesis and Tectonics of the Russian Far East, Alaska, and the Canadian Cordillera The major belts are as follows: (1) In the southern part of the Russian Far East is the Samarka metallogenic belt (SA), which contains W skarn and porphyry Cu-Mo deposits. This belt is interpreted as forming during anatectic granitic plutonism occurring during subduction of Kula oceanic ridge along the transform continental margin of the Russian Southeast. (2) In the same region are Algama (AL) belt, which contains stratiform Zr deposits, and the Kondyor (KO) belt that contains zoned mafic-ultramafic Cr-PGE deposits. The latter belt is hosted in zoned mafic-ultramafic plutons intruding Stanovoy block of the North Asian Craton, and the former belt is interpreted as related alkali igneous rock associated with the zoned mafic-ultramafic plutons that intrude the Stanovoy block. These two belts are interpreted as forming during plutonic EARLY CRETACEOUS METALLOGENIC BELTS AD - Anadyr AL - Algama AY - Allakh-Yun BZ-KH - Badzhal-Ezop- Khingan DP - Dapir KO - Kondyor KU - Kular LO - Left Omolon MA - Mainits OL - Oloy 120 44 (unmapped) oa KK 315 ej oa HI TO kr NE 0 800 km 0 800 mi 60 ku KK 156 ku KUK 68 intrusion related to continental-margin transform faults. (3) In the central part of the Russian Far East are the Selemdzha- Kerbi (SK) and Stanovoy (ST) belts, which contain Au-quartz vein and anatectic granitic-magmatism-related deposits and are hosted in veins and plutons that intruded various terranes and the Stanovoy block of the North Asian Craton. The belts are interpreted as forming during collision of the Bureya and Khanka continental-margin arc superterranes with the North Asian Craton and and closure of the Mongol-Okhotsk ocean. (4) In the Russian Northeast are the Allakh-Yun (AY), Darpir (DP), Kular (KU), Shamanikha (SH), Tompon (TO), Verkhoyansk (VK), Yana-Kolyma (YA), and Yana-Polousnen (YP) belts, which contain a large suite of Au quartz vein, and granitic-magmatism-related deposits. These belts are hosted in the SA - Samarka SH - Shamanika SK - Selemdzha-Kerbi ST - Stanovoy TAM - Tamvatney-Mainits TO - Tompon VK - Verkhoyansk NSC YA - Yana-Kolyma YP - Yana-Polousnen LE KU wvk KN YP ma io oa oa SA MO NSS ua ST ud TD oa uo ko SK bu ko ko UL BZ-KH BD NSC AL ud KO AY GL UL es oc VK NSV TO KN wvk ma AO ma no YP io KN DP Arctic io Ocean io AL YP DP oa RA io om MT YA KH om SH LO RA oa NU KN AGR rc LS om io AC SA oc OL KN io YA WP OL AD KM oc PA kk kk VE PA PK AM es SMA SA oa CA es TU SMA AM KE oa AM es sp oa ANV NAB TR Sea of Okhotsk KM IR ka IR OK kk OKA TL MAI ar kb MT MA, TAM EK kk VT AV OKA Bering Sea sj ej ANV SB KRO VT PAC 168 76 al 120 132 Pacific Ocean 144 al 156 168 180 Figure 61. Generalized map of major Early Cretaceous metallogenic belts, overlap assemblages, and tectonically linked subductionzone or accretionary-wedge assemblages for Russian Far East, northern Japan, and adjacent offshore areas. Refer to text for description of metallogenic belts. Adapted from Nokleberg and others (1997b, 1998). 180 PW MT al KY om oc kk bs km 168 76 168 72 68 60 56 52
Verkhoyansk granite belt, which intrudes the Kolyma-Omolon superterrane and the North Asian Craton Margin and are interpreted as forming during regional metamorphism and anatectic granitic plutonism associated with accretion of Kolyma-Omolon superterrane onto the North Asian Craton Margin. (5) In the Russian Northeast, continuing on from the Late Jurassic, were (a) the Oloy (OL) belt, which contains granitic-magmatism-related deposits and is hosted in the Oloy island arc, (b) the Tamvatney-Mainits (TAM) belt, which contains podiform Cr deposits and is hosted in zoned mafic-ultramafic plutons, and (c) the Mainits (MA) belt, which contains kuroko massive sulfide deposits. In the Canadian Cordillera, also continuing on from the Late Jurassic, was the Cariboo (CB) belt of Au quartz vein deposits. (6) Also in the Russian Northeast was the Left Omolon (LO) belt, which contains porphyry Mo-Cu, Mo-Cu skarn deposits and is hosted in the the Oloy island arc. (7) In southeastern Alaska and the southern Canadian Cordillera are two metallogenic belts that formed during granitic plutonism that formed the Gravina island arc on the Wrangellia superterrane. These belts are the (a) the western-south- oa Overlap assemblages (Cretaceous and Cenozoic), and undivided terranes OVERLAPPING MIDDLE AND LATE TERTIARY MAGMATIC ARCS; EMPLACED ACROSS ALL MAJOR TERRANES Middle and Late Tertiary back-arc units EXPLANATION OVERLAPPING CRETACEOUS AND EARLY TERTIARY MAGMATIC ARCS; EMPLACED ACROSS ALL MAJOR TERRANES es East Sikhote-Alin; ko Khingan-Okhotsk; oc Okhotsk-Chukotka OVERLAPPING MIDDLE JURASSIC AND EARLY CRETACEOUS MAGMATIC ARCS AND FORE-ARC AND BACK-ARC BASINS; EMPLACED ACROSS KOLYMA-OMOLON SUPERTERRANE AD AM CA KK LE LS MT MU al Aleutian; ej East Japan; ka Kamchatka; ku Kuril (includes east, central, western parts) bs, Bering Strait; kr Kuril; sj Sea of Japan kk Kamchatka-Koryak; km Kuskokwim Mountains io Indigirka-Oloy OVERLAPPING JURASSIC ONTINENTAL-MARGIN ARC AND BACK-ARC BASIN; EMPLACED ACROSS NSS ud Uda; uo Umlekan-Ogodzhin CONTACTS AND FAULTS Contact Active subduction zone Thrust fault Major mid-Cretaceous and younger strike-slip transform faults FAULT NAMES Adycha-Taryn thrust fault Amur fault Central Sikhote-Alin fault Kuril-Kamchatka megathrust Lena thrust fault Lyakhov-South Anyui fault Myatis thrust fault Mongol-Okhotsk strike-slip fault Figure 61.—Continued. Early Cretaceous Metallogenic Belts (144 to 120 Ma; figs. 61, 62) 137 eastern Alaska (WSE) belt, which contains granitic-magmatism-related deposits, and (b) the Britannia belt that contains Kuroko massive sulfide deposits. In the below descriptions of metallogenic belts, a few of the noteable or signficant lode deposits (table 4) are described for each belt. Metallogenic-Tectonic Model for Early Cretaceous (144 to 120 Ma; fig. 63) During the Early Cretaceous (Neocomian—144 to 120 Ma), the major metallogenic-tectonic events were (fig. 63; table 3) (1) completion of accretion of the Bureya superterrane against the North Asian Craton along the Mongol-Okhotsk suture and formation of associated metallogenic belts, (2) continuation of the continental margin and island arcs, and formation of associated metallogenic belts and companion subduction-zone assemblages around the Circum-North Pacific, (3) accretion of the major Kolyma-Omolon superterrane and formation of associated metallogenic belts in the Russian JURASSIC AND CRETACEOUS ISLAND-ARC TERRANES AL Alazeya; IR Iruneisky; KE Kema; KM Kony-Murgal; KRO Kronotskiy; KH Khetachan; KY Koyukuk; MAI Mainitskiy; NE Nemuro; NU Nutesyn; OKA Olyutorka-Kamchatka; OL Oloy; SB Stolbovskoy; WP West Pekul’ney; YA Yarakvaam JURASSIC, CRETACEOUS, AND EARLY TERTIARY ACCRETIONARY-WEDGE AND SUBDUCTION-ZONE TERRANES Dominantly oceanic rocks AC Aluchin; AG Angayucham; AGR Argatas; ANV Aniva; BD Badzhal; EK Ekonay; GL Galam; HI Hidaka; KK Kamuikotan; NAB Navilsky; PA Penzhina-Anadyr; PK Pekul’ney; RO Rassokha; SA South Anyui; SMA Samarka; TD Tukuringra-Dzhagdi; TO Tokoro; TU Taukha; VE Velmay; VT Vetlovskiy Dominantly turbidites AM Amur River; AV Alkatvaam; KUK Kuril-Kamchatka; PW Prince William; TL Talovskiy; UL Ulban CLASTIC SEDIMENTARY BASINS (J, Jurassic; K, Cretaceous, T, Tertiary) ar Anadyr (T); bu Bureya (JK); kb Kuibiveem (K); rc Raucha (JK); ua Upper Amur (J) CRATON, CRATON MARGIN, AND PASSIVE CONTINENTAL-MARGIN TERRANES NSC North Asian Craton; NSC, NSS, NSS North Asian Craton - Stanovoy Block; NSV, KN NSV North Asian Craton Margin; KN Kular-Nera ma no wvk om GRANITE BELTS Main part, collisional granite belt Northern collisional granite belt West Verkhoyansk collisional granite belt Omineca-Selwyn collisional granite belt OCEANIC UNITS PAC Pacific oceanic plate METALLOGENIC BELTS TO
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USGS Prepared in collaboration with
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U.S. Department of the Interior Gal
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iv Hart River SEDEX Zn-Cu-Ag Deposi
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vi Specific Events for Middle Throu
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viii Metallogenic Belts Formed Duri
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x Origin of and Tectonic Controls f
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xii Toodoggone Metallogenic Belt of
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xiv Slate Creek Serpentinite-Hosted
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xvi Left Omolon Belt of Porphyry Mo
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xviii Origin of and Tectonic Contro
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xx Chukotka Metallogenic Belt of Au
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xxii Plutonic Rocks Hosting East-Ce
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xxiv Skeena Metallogenic Belt of Po
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xxvi Bee Creek Porphyry Cu Deposit
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xxviii 36. Wellgreen gabbroic Ni-Cu
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xxx 87. Partizanskoe Pb-Zn skarn de
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Metallogenesis and Tectonics of the
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format (Nokleberg and others, 1996)
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logenesis of the region (1) subduct
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Subterrane—A fault-bounded unit w
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dilemma consists of two conflicting
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2 to 20 m thick. A related dolomite
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Lantarsky-Dzhugdzhur Metallogenic B
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Origin of and Tectonic Controls for
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Metallogenic Belts Formed During Pr
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as at Oz, Monster, and Tart, may al
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Monashee Metallogenic Belt of Sedim
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Clark Range Metallogenic Belt of Se
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in addition to the Fe deposits. Min
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study) consists of lenses, from 100
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Omulev Austrian Alps W Deposit The
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ock, including coarse clastic rock,
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lative metalliferous brines in a re
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Prince of Wales Island Metallogenic
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suite of deposits and host rocks ar
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margin of the North American Craton
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newly created terranes migrated int
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(Ryazantzeva and Shurko, 1992). The
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tonnes Au and an average grade of a
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mafic and felsic metavolcanic rocks
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intrusion from about 402 to 366 Ma
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mentary rocks of the Cambrian to De
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(Preto and Schiarizza, 1985; Schiar
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ate and clastic rocks and volcanicl
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(Nokleberg and others, 1994c, 1997c
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Berezovka River Metallogenic Belt o
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Finlayson Lake Metallogenic Belt of
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and barite in siliceous black turbi
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Windermere Creek (Western Gypsum) C
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(NX, DL, MY), Viliga (VL), and Zolo
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South of the main east-west-trendin
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ated subduction zone in the Wrangel
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icite-biotite-quartz bodies in frac
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Canada Cordillera. The granitoid ro
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Viliga (VL) passive continental-mar
Page 117 and 118: 32; tables 3, 4) occurs along the n
Page 119 and 120: superterrane, consists mainly of ma
Page 121 and 122: ers, 1994c, 1997c). In southern Bri
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Page 125 and 126: a resource of 34.3 million tonnes o
Page 127 and 128: potassic zone. Combined estimated p
Page 129 and 130: and quartz monzodiorite stock and s
Page 131 and 132: and Omolon (OM) cratonal terranes,
Page 133 and 134: in volcanic and volcaniclastic rock
Page 135 and 136: minor calcite, and sporadic pyrite
Page 137 and 138: supergene blanket are interpreted a
Page 139 and 140: deposits and occurrences consist of
Page 141 and 142: onto the Omulevka terrane to form t
Page 143 and 144: superterrane. This belt is interpre
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Page 149 and 150: deposits are at Terrassnoe and Kuna
Page 151 and 152: Peschanka Porphyry Cu-Mo Deposit Th
Page 153 and 154: The belt is hosted in the Late Jura
Page 155 and 156: in a island arc that was tectonical
Page 157 and 158: and Early Cretaceous Koyukuk island
Page 159 and 160: The deposit consists of disseminate
Page 161 and 162: The Orange Hill deposit contains an
Page 163 and 164: 49; tables 3, 4) (Foley and others,
Page 165 and 166: locally Late Triassic marine volcan
Page 167: gold in a gangue of quartz, calcite
Page 171 and 172: metallogenic belts are interpreted
Page 173 and 174: assemblages, which may have been mo
Page 175 and 176: during hypogene and supergene alter
Page 177 and 178: collision and regional thrusting, t
Page 179 and 180: Yur Au Quartz Vein Deposit The smal
Page 181 and 182: phase has a Rb-Sr isotopic age of 1
Page 183 and 184: sian Northeast. The belt is hosted
Page 185 and 186: Host Granitoid Rocks and Associated
Page 187 and 188: that are up to 600-1,500 m long, av
Page 189 and 190: Metallogenic Belts Formed During La
Page 191 and 192: y partly coeval plutons that range
Page 193 and 194: tion is interpreted as occuring by
Page 195 and 196: the Badzhal-Ezop and Khingan parts
Page 197 and 198: and comagmatic with volcanic rocks;
Page 199 and 200: as interpreted for the Rock Creek d
Page 201 and 202: source (Yeo, 1992). The Blow River
Page 203 and 204: 2000). The spatial location of the
Page 205 and 206: to the east in the central Yukon Te
Page 207 and 208: occur in a 30-km-long belt along ir
Page 209 and 210: The Emerald deposit has produced ap
Page 211 and 212: Metallogenic-Tectonic Model for Ear
Page 213 and 214: cham oceans were closed, and the Ch
Page 215 and 216: greisenized Mesozoic granite that i
Page 217 and 218: composition magmatic bodies (with a
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to Albian pelecypods (Nokleberg and
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quartz-arsenopyrite-pyrrhotite, pol
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thermally altered to siliceous and
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These ore bodies are as much as 1 m
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Eastern Asia-Arctic Metallogenic Be
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Demin, and Krasilnikov, 1974; Nekra
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10 percent Cu, as much as 0.92 perc
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pyrite, pyrite, galena, sphalerite,
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content decreases with depth, as do
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azdelnoye, (2) porphyry Sn deposits
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Karalveem Au Quartz Vein Deposit Th
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Democrat (Mitchell Lode) Granitoid-
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with high-temperature and high-pres
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chalcocite and covellite and also h
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cum-North Pacific, (2) completion o
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(6) In the Paleocene (about 56 to 6
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sists of cinnabar and metacinnabari
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Eastern Asia-Arctic Metallogenic Be
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groups of deposits are interpreted
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Indian Mountain and Purcell Mountai
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and southeastern Alaska (Moll and P
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Nokleberg and others, 1995a; Bundtz
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g/t Au or 368.2 Au gold. The deposi
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wim Group and altered mafic dikes.
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Mount Nansen porphyry Cu-Mo deposit
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A Map 450 500 550 Cross section Dik
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Cretaceous and early Tertiary conti
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deposits, at Chichagoff and Hirst-C
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others, 1994c, 1997c). The signific
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tonnes grading 0.53 percent Ni, 0.3
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with a 0.25 percent cut-off. The de
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Bulkley Metallogenic Belt of Porphy
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Red Rose W-Au-Cu-Ag Polymetallic Ve
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ish Columbia and consists of severa
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during back-arc extension or transt
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stocks and dikes, is associated wit
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etrograde minnesotaite (Fe talc), F
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Specific Events for Early to Middle
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of fractured and faulted Permian-Tr
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sists of a mineralized fracture zon
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dolomite. Wall rock alteration incl
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elt of late Tertiary plutons that a
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plates that exhibit magnetic anomal
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stages (Petrenko, 1999): (1) In the
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mon. The deposit is of medium size
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Metallogenic-Tectonic Model for Lat
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The origin of the Hg deposits of th
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margin or island-arc tectonic envir
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Columbia: Implicatons for the Middl
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Bazard, D.R., Butler, R.F., Gehrels
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Bradley, D.C., Haeussler, P.J., and
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Bundtzen, T.K., Laird, G.M., Caluti
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Cecile, M.P., 1982, The lower Paleo
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Debari, S.M., and Coleman, R.G., 19
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U.S. Bureau of Land Management Open
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Cordilleran Orogen in Canada: Geolo
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Goldfarb, R., Hart, C., Miller, M.,
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Grove, E.W., 1986, Geology and mine
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Høy, T., 1982a, Stratigraphic and
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Jones, D.L., Silberling, N.J., Cone
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Kutyev, F. Sh., Baikov, A.I., Sidor
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Shield—Ultramafic magma and its m
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Manns, F.T., 1981, Stratigraphic as
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Miller, M.L., and Bundtzen, T.K., 1
Page 349 and 350:
Mortimer, N., 1987, The Nicola Grou
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Noble, S.R., Spooner, E.T.C., and H
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Canada Annual Meeting, Saskatoon, S
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Perello, J.A., Fleming, J.A., O’K
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Far East—Mineralogical criteria f
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Roeske, S.M., Mattinson, J.M., and
Page 361 and 362:
Schmidt, J.M., and Zierenberg, R.A.
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formation occurrences: Materialy po
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Struik, L.C., 1986, Imbricated terr
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Valuy, G., and Rostovsky, F., 1988,
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Wolfe, W.J., 1995, Exploration and
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Appendix Table 1. Mineral deposit m
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Table 2 Summary of correlations and
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Table 2—Continued Unit(s) and Cor
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Table 2—Continued Unit(s) and Cor
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Table 3—Continued Metallogenic Be
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Table 4. Significant lode deposits,
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Table 4—Continued Appendix 369 De
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Table 4—Continued Tracy Metalloge
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Table 4—Continued Appendix 373 In
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Table 4—Continued Deposit Name Mi
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Table 4—Continued Mainits Metallo
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Table 4—Continued Whitehorse Meta
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Table 4—Continued Appendix 389 LA
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Table 4—Continued Surprise Lake M
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Table 4—Continued Sredinny Metall
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