USGS Professional Paper 1697 - Alaska Resources Library

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180 Metallogenesis and Tectonics of the Russian Far East, Alaska, and the Canadian Cordillera subduction of part of the ancestral Pacific oceanic plate (PAC) to form the Hidaka (HI), Aniva (ANV), and Nabilsky (NAB) terranes. Incorporated into the Aniva and Nabilsky terranes were the volcanogenic Fe and Mn and Cyprus massive sulfide deposits of the Aniva-Nabil (ANN) metallogenic belt that formed in Late Cretaceous oceanic crust and island-arc rocks. (3) The Khingan continental margin arc (ko) continued activity. Continuing in the arc was the Badzhal-Ezop-Khingan (BZ-KH) belt of granitic-magmatism-related deposits. (4) Subduction stepped seaward after the accretion of the Mainitskiy arc with the consequent inception of the Okhotsk- Chukotka continental-margin arc (oc) and related Penzhina (fore-arc) Sedimentary Basin (pn) along the new continental margin. This major Andean-type arc overlapped the previously accreted Kolyma-Omolon superterrane, part of the North Asian Craton Margin (NSV), and adjacent terranes in Russian northeast and western Alaska and extended for about 3,500 km along an active continental margin. Associated with the arc was oblique subduction of part of the ancestral Pacific oceanic plate to form the West Kamchatka (WK), Ekonay (EK), and Yanranay (YN) terranes. Forming in the Okhotsk-Chukotka arc was the Eastern Asia metallogenic belt of granitic-magmatism-related deposits, which contained a complex array of zones. The zones were the Chaun (CN), Dogdo-Erikit (DE), Korkodon-Nayakhan (KN), Koni-Yablon (KY), Okhotsk (OH), MO o 60 o LE AD ? Omsukchan (OM), and Verkhne–Kolyma (VK) zones. Each zone contains a characteristic suite of mineral deposit types that are herein interpreted as reflecting the geochemical signature of the underlying terranes through that the granitic magmas ascended. Also forming in the Okhotsk-Chukotka volcanic-plutonic belt, and peripherally related to the Eastern Asia metallogenic belt, were the Adycha-Taryn (AT), Chokurdak (CD), and Vostochno-Verkhoyansk (VV) metallogenic belts. (5) In the Arctic Ocean, sea-floor spreading and associated rifting continued (Lawver and Scotese, 1990; Grantz and others, 1990, 1991, 1998) with the formation of new oceanic crust and the combined Alpha and Mendeleev Ridges (am) that are interpreted as large piles of hot-spot basalt and associated deposits (Grantz and others, 1990, 1991, 1998). The large Amerasia (ab), Canada (cb) and Eurasia (eb) Basins continued to form. During the opening of the basins, North American continental-margin terranes, including the Arctic Alaska superterrane (AA) and the Chukotka terrane (CH), and outboard oceanic and island terranes migrated towards the North Asian Craton and previously accreted Kolyma-Omolon superterrane (KLO). The opening of the Amerasia (ab), Canada (cb) and Eurasia (eb) Basins is interpreted as causing oroclinal warping of Northern Alaska and the northern part of the Russian Far East. (6) Also during the opening of the Amerasia (ab), Canada (cb), and Eurasia (eb) Basins, the South Anyui and Angayu- METALLOGENIC BELTS AD - Anadyr COLL ANN - Aniva-Nabil AT - Adycha-Taryn (TA, KT) eb BA - Bayonne BZ - Badzhal-Ezop NSC CD am CA - Cassiar ab CD - Chokurdak AT CN - Chaun VV (SA) ab cb CH - Chukotka DE - Dogdo-Erikit NSV EAST BZ, SIKHOTE- COLL cb ALIN ARC - KH OH (VE) COLL es VK (KLO, DE CN KN) (CH) om oc CHCOLL OKHOTSK- CHUKOTKA (VE) LA ARC (AG) (AA) oc (CO) SY ANN KY (SD) HI, ANV, SG, TK, WSA oc KLM, NAB (KM) pn KM, LZ NAC COLLAGE OF RIFTED TERRANES: NR, CK, CS, AP NAM ECA, SW YT (AG) kw om ECA - East-Central Alaska KH - Khingan KM - Kema KN - Korkodon-Nayakhan KY - Koni-Yablon LA - Lower Amur LZ - Luzhkinsky OH - Okhotsk OM - Omsukchan SG - Sergeevka SW - Selwyn TK - Taukha TS - Tombstone VK - Verkhne-Kolyma VT - Vatyn VV - Vostochno-Verkhoyansk WH - Whitehorse WR - Wrangell Mountains YT - Yukon-Tanana CA NAC o At 36-60 latitude (ASC, IOC) KRO OKA, IR KH, VT NE, SH, TR VT OLYUTORKA ARC 0 0 WK KN, oc EK, YN AD OM gg ACCRETED (WP, PK, GD kh MT (AG?) om MAINITSKIY ZL) RB WH COLL sb ARC (KY, TG, BA NY) ANCESTRAL PACIFIC OCEAN WRA WRA WRA (PE) CG (WR) GRAVINA (AX) gg NX, DL, ARC FAR MY WR CG FARALLON OCEAN WRA (WR) PR 800 km BR, GRAVINA ARC EA 800 mi 100 to 84 Ma Figure 81. Early Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian through Santonian—100 to 84 Ma) stage of metallogenic-tectonic model for the Russian Far East, Alaska, and the Canadian Cordillera and adjacent offshore areas. Refer to text for explanation of metallogenic-tectonic events, to tables 3 and 4 for descriptions metallogenic belts and significant deposits, and to figure 18 for explanation of abbreviations, symbols, and patterns. Adapted from Nokleberg and others (1997b, 1998, 2000). 80 ? ? o ? ? 60 o
cham oceans were closed, and the Chukotka (CH) and Arctic Alaska terranes (AA) were accreted to Northeast Asia. During accretion, the Chukotka metallogenic belt, which contains Au and Sn quartz vein deposits, was formed. Also during accretion, the major Nutesyn and Koyukuk island arcs and companion subduction zones were thrust onto the continental-margin Chukotka terrane (CH) and Arctic Alaska superterrane (AA) in thrust sheets that are as much as 150 km wide in Northern Alaska. The overthrust subduction-zone terranes include the South Anyui (SA), Velmay (VE), Angayucham (AG), and Goodnews (GD) terranes. The overthrust island arc terranes include the Nutesyn (NU), Koyukuk (KY), and Togiak (TG) terranes. A final stage of blueschist-facies metamorphism of oceanic and continental-margin terranes occurred during thrusting. The lack evidence of a huge Himalayan-type mountain range in the Russian Northeast suggests that (1) strike-slip translation was more dominant than rifting in formation of the Canada Basin (Lane, 1994, 1997), and (or), (2) a major part of the rift migration of the Russian Northeast away from the Canada Basin was absorbed in the subduction zone associated with formation of the Okhotsk-Chukotka arc. (7) During accretion, the southern margin of the eastern Chukotka terrane (CH), southern part of the Arctic Alaska superterrane (AA), and the outboard Seward (SD), Coldfoot (CO), Goodnews (GD), and Ruby (RB) terranes continued to be intensely deformed and metamorphosed. At the end of accretion, a period of extensional deformation occurred along the southern margin of the Arctic Alaska superterrane (AA; Miller and Hudson, 1991). (8) Back-arc continental-margin sedimentation in Kuskokwim Basin (kw) occurred in a dextral wrench-fault setting (Bundtzen and Miller, 1997). (9) The final stage of accretion of the Wrangellia superterrane (WRA) was completed at about 95 Ma. Forming during the final stage of accretion in Alaska were (a) the Yukon- Tanana metallogenic belt (YT), which contains Au quartz vein deposits, (b) the East-Central Alaska metallogenic belt (older part, ECA), which contains granitic magmatism-related deposits, and (c) the Wrangell Mountains metallogenic belt (WR), which contains Cu-Ag quartz vein and Kennecott Cu deposits. Several major geologic events are interpreted as caused by the accretion of the Wrangellia superterrane: (a) The extensive Gravina island arc, which formed along the leading edge of the superterrane, and the Spences Bridge volcanic-plutonic belt (sb) ceased activity after accretion. (b) The Kahiltna (kh) and Gravina-Nutzotin-Gambier (gg) assemblages were thrust under the North American continental margin (Stanley and others, 1990; McClelland and others, 1991, 1992a,b; Nokleberg and others, 1994a) and were intensely deformed during a major period of orthogonal convergence that replaced the previous sinistral convergence. (c) The northeastern-most boundary of the accreted Wrangellia superterrane became the locus of Late Cretaceous high-grade metamorphism, plutonism, contractional deformation, crustal thickening, uplift, and erosion that characterizes the Coast Mountains of the Canadian Cordillera, southeastern Alaska, and South-Central Alaska (McClelland Early Late Cretaceous Metallogenic Belts (100 to 84 Ma; figs. 79, 80) 181 and others 1991, 1992a,b; Pavlis and others, 1993; Plafker and Berg, 1994; Monger and Nokleberg, 1996). (d) A regional core complex formed in the previously accreted Yukon-Tanana terrane (part of the collage in present-day Alaska) and developed a subhorizontal fabric, imbricate thrusting of large subhorizontal nappes, and subsequent extension and removal of as much as 10 km of crust (Pavlis and others, 1993). (e) The southern part of Gravina arc and companion subduction zone was doubled during the latest stage of sinistral-slip faulting during accretion of the Wrangellia superterrane (McClelland and others 1991, 1992a,b; Monger and others, 1994; Monger and Nokleberg, 1996). The Methow turbidite-basin terrane (MT), an Early and mid-Cretaceous fore-arc part of the Gravina arc, and the companion Bridge River (BR) and Easton (EA) subduction-zone terranes were structurally imbricated behind the southern part of the Gravina-Nutzotin-Gambier (gg) assemblage (Monger and others, 1994). (f) The mainly orthogonal convergence and accretion of the Wrangellia superterrane initiated eastward thrusting of the North American Craton Margin (NAM) over the North American Craton (NAC). (g) Coeval with thrusting, and occurring along the axis of thrusting was intrusion of the Omineca-Selwyn granitic belt (om), which occurs along the length of Canadian Cordillera, Alaska, and the northern part of the Russian Northeast. The belt was generated during an intense period of anatectic melting, major regional thrusting, and crustal shortening and thickening, all related to orthogonal convergence. Continuing to form in or near the Omineca- Selwyn granite belt were the Bayonne (BA), Cassiar (CA), Selwyn (SW), and Whitehorse (WH) metallogenic belts, which contain granitic-magmatism-related deposits. Alternatively, the Wrangellia superterrane accreted far to the south at about 35° paleolatitude along the margin of Baja British Columbia (latitude of present-day Baja California). Metallogenic Belt Formed in Late Mesozoic Part of East Sikhote-Aline Continental-Margin Arc, Russian Southeast Sergeevka Metallogenic Belt of Granitoid- Related Au Deposits (Belt SG), Southern Part of Russian Southeast The Sergeevka metallogenic belt of granitoid-related Au deposits (fig. 79; tables 3, 4) occurs in the southern part of the Russian Far East. The Au deposits occur in or near Late Cretaceous, postaccretionary granitoid plutons and dikes that intrude gneissic gabbro and Cambrian metamorphosed sedimentary rocks in the western part of the Sergeevka continental-margin arc terrane of the Khanka superterrane (fig. 79). The principal deposits are at Askold, Balykovskoe, Krinichnoe, Porozhistoe, and Progress (table 4) (Nokleberg and others 1997a,b, 1998). The deposits are small and generally consist of Au-bearing quartz veins with minor sulfides, mainly pyrite and arsenopyrite. The deposits are generally small.
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USGS Prepared in collaboration with
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U.S. Department of the Interior Gal
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iv Hart River SEDEX Zn-Cu-Ag Deposi
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vi Specific Events for Middle Throu
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viii Metallogenic Belts Formed Duri
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x Origin of and Tectonic Controls f
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xii Toodoggone Metallogenic Belt of
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xiv Slate Creek Serpentinite-Hosted
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xvi Left Omolon Belt of Porphyry Mo
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xviii Origin of and Tectonic Contro
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xx Chukotka Metallogenic Belt of Au
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xxii Plutonic Rocks Hosting East-Ce
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xxiv Skeena Metallogenic Belt of Po
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xxvi Bee Creek Porphyry Cu Deposit
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xxviii 36. Wellgreen gabbroic Ni-Cu
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xxx 87. Partizanskoe Pb-Zn skarn de
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Metallogenesis and Tectonics of the
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format (Nokleberg and others, 1996)
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logenesis of the region (1) subduct
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Subterrane—A fault-bounded unit w
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dilemma consists of two conflicting
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2 to 20 m thick. A related dolomite
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Lantarsky-Dzhugdzhur Metallogenic B
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Origin of and Tectonic Controls for
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Metallogenic Belts Formed During Pr
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as at Oz, Monster, and Tart, may al
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Monashee Metallogenic Belt of Sedim
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Clark Range Metallogenic Belt of Se
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in addition to the Fe deposits. Min
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study) consists of lenses, from 100
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Omulev Austrian Alps W Deposit The
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ock, including coarse clastic rock,
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lative metalliferous brines in a re
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Prince of Wales Island Metallogenic
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suite of deposits and host rocks ar
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margin of the North American Craton
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newly created terranes migrated int
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(Ryazantzeva and Shurko, 1992). The
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tonnes Au and an average grade of a
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mafic and felsic metavolcanic rocks
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intrusion from about 402 to 366 Ma
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mentary rocks of the Cambrian to De
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(Preto and Schiarizza, 1985; Schiar
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ate and clastic rocks and volcanicl
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(Nokleberg and others, 1994c, 1997c
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Berezovka River Metallogenic Belt o
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Finlayson Lake Metallogenic Belt of
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and barite in siliceous black turbi
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Windermere Creek (Western Gypsum) C
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(NX, DL, MY), Viliga (VL), and Zolo
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South of the main east-west-trendin
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ated subduction zone in the Wrangel
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icite-biotite-quartz bodies in frac
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Canada Cordillera. The granitoid ro
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Viliga (VL) passive continental-mar
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32; tables 3, 4) occurs along the n
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superterrane, consists mainly of ma
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ers, 1994c, 1997c). In southern Bri
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mental volcanic rocks of intermedia
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a resource of 34.3 million tonnes o
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potassic zone. Combined estimated p
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and quartz monzodiorite stock and s
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and Omolon (OM) cratonal terranes,
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in volcanic and volcaniclastic rock
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minor calcite, and sporadic pyrite
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supergene blanket are interpreted a
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deposits and occurrences consist of
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onto the Omulevka terrane to form t
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superterrane. This belt is interpre
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to form along the leading edge of t
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quartz, and is virtually not associ
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deposits are at Terrassnoe and Kuna
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Peschanka Porphyry Cu-Mo Deposit Th
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The belt is hosted in the Late Jura
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in a island arc that was tectonical
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and Early Cretaceous Koyukuk island
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The deposit consists of disseminate
Page 161 and 162: The Orange Hill deposit contains an
Page 163 and 164: 49; tables 3, 4) (Foley and others,
Page 165 and 166: locally Late Triassic marine volcan
Page 167 and 168: gold in a gangue of quartz, calcite
Page 169 and 170: Verkhoyansk granite belt, which int
Page 171 and 172: metallogenic belts are interpreted
Page 173 and 174: assemblages, which may have been mo
Page 175 and 176: during hypogene and supergene alter
Page 177 and 178: collision and regional thrusting, t
Page 179 and 180: Yur Au Quartz Vein Deposit The smal
Page 181 and 182: phase has a Rb-Sr isotopic age of 1
Page 183 and 184: sian Northeast. The belt is hosted
Page 185 and 186: Host Granitoid Rocks and Associated
Page 187 and 188: that are up to 600-1,500 m long, av
Page 189 and 190: Metallogenic Belts Formed During La
Page 191 and 192: y partly coeval plutons that range
Page 193 and 194: tion is interpreted as occuring by
Page 195 and 196: the Badzhal-Ezop and Khingan parts
Page 197 and 198: and comagmatic with volcanic rocks;
Page 199 and 200: as interpreted for the Rock Creek d
Page 201 and 202: source (Yeo, 1992). The Blow River
Page 203 and 204: 2000). The spatial location of the
Page 205 and 206: to the east in the central Yukon Te
Page 207 and 208: occur in a 30-km-long belt along ir
Page 209 and 210: The Emerald deposit has produced ap
Page 211: Metallogenic-Tectonic Model for Ear
Page 215 and 216: greisenized Mesozoic granite that i
Page 217 and 218: composition magmatic bodies (with a
Page 219 and 220: Origin of and Tectonic Controls for
Page 221 and 222: to Albian pelecypods (Nokleberg and
Page 223 and 224: quartz-arsenopyrite-pyrrhotite, pol
Page 225 and 226: thermally altered to siliceous and
Page 227 and 228: These ore bodies are as much as 1 m
Page 229 and 230: Eastern Asia-Arctic Metallogenic Be
Page 231 and 232: Demin, and Krasilnikov, 1974; Nekra
Page 233 and 234: 10 percent Cu, as much as 0.92 perc
Page 235 and 236: pyrite, pyrite, galena, sphalerite,
Page 237 and 238: content decreases with depth, as do
Page 239 and 240: azdelnoye, (2) porphyry Sn deposits
Page 241 and 242: Karalveem Au Quartz Vein Deposit Th
Page 243 and 244: Democrat (Mitchell Lode) Granitoid-
Page 245 and 246: with high-temperature and high-pres
Page 247 and 248: chalcocite and covellite and also h
Page 249 and 250: cum-North Pacific, (2) completion o
Page 251 and 252: (6) In the Paleocene (about 56 to 6
Page 253 and 254: sists of cinnabar and metacinnabari
Page 255 and 256: Eastern Asia-Arctic Metallogenic Be
Page 257 and 258: groups of deposits are interpreted
Page 259 and 260: Indian Mountain and Purcell Mountai
Page 261 and 262: and southeastern Alaska (Moll and P
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Nokleberg and others, 1995a; Bundtz
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g/t Au or 368.2 Au gold. The deposi
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wim Group and altered mafic dikes.
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Mount Nansen porphyry Cu-Mo deposit
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A Map 450 500 550 Cross section Dik
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Cretaceous and early Tertiary conti
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deposits, at Chichagoff and Hirst-C
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others, 1994c, 1997c). The signific
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tonnes grading 0.53 percent Ni, 0.3
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with a 0.25 percent cut-off. The de
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Bulkley Metallogenic Belt of Porphy
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Red Rose W-Au-Cu-Ag Polymetallic Ve
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ish Columbia and consists of severa
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during back-arc extension or transt
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stocks and dikes, is associated wit
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etrograde minnesotaite (Fe talc), F
Page 295 and 296:
Specific Events for Early to Middle
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of fractured and faulted Permian-Tr
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sists of a mineralized fracture zon
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dolomite. Wall rock alteration incl
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elt of late Tertiary plutons that a
Page 305 and 306:
plates that exhibit magnetic anomal
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stages (Petrenko, 1999): (1) In the
Page 309 and 310:
mon. The deposit is of medium size
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Metallogenic-Tectonic Model for Lat
Page 313 and 314:
The origin of the Hg deposits of th
Page 315 and 316:
margin or island-arc tectonic envir
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Columbia: Implicatons for the Middl
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Bazard, D.R., Butler, R.F., Gehrels
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Bradley, D.C., Haeussler, P.J., and
Page 323 and 324:
Bundtzen, T.K., Laird, G.M., Caluti
Page 325 and 326:
Cecile, M.P., 1982, The lower Paleo
Page 327 and 328:
Debari, S.M., and Coleman, R.G., 19
Page 329 and 330:
U.S. Bureau of Land Management Open
Page 331 and 332:
Cordilleran Orogen in Canada: Geolo
Page 333 and 334:
Goldfarb, R., Hart, C., Miller, M.,
Page 335 and 336:
Grove, E.W., 1986, Geology and mine
Page 337 and 338:
Høy, T., 1982a, Stratigraphic and
Page 339 and 340:
Jones, D.L., Silberling, N.J., Cone
Page 341 and 342:
Kutyev, F. Sh., Baikov, A.I., Sidor
Page 343 and 344:
Shield—Ultramafic magma and its m
Page 345 and 346:
Manns, F.T., 1981, Stratigraphic as
Page 347 and 348:
Miller, M.L., and Bundtzen, T.K., 1
Page 349 and 350:
Mortimer, N., 1987, The Nicola Grou
Page 351 and 352:
Noble, S.R., Spooner, E.T.C., and H
Page 353 and 354:
Canada Annual Meeting, Saskatoon, S
Page 355 and 356:
Perello, J.A., Fleming, J.A., O’K
Page 357 and 358:
Far East—Mineralogical criteria f
Page 359 and 360:
Roeske, S.M., Mattinson, J.M., and
Page 361 and 362:
Schmidt, J.M., and Zierenberg, R.A.
Page 363 and 364:
formation occurrences: Materialy po
Page 365 and 366:
Struik, L.C., 1986, Imbricated terr
Page 367 and 368:
Valuy, G., and Rostovsky, F., 1988,
Page 369 and 370:
Wolfe, W.J., 1995, Exploration and
Page 371 and 372:
Appendix Table 1. Mineral deposit m
Page 373 and 374:
Table 2 Summary of correlations and
Page 375 and 376:
Table 2—Continued Unit(s) and Cor
Page 377 and 378:
Table 2—Continued Unit(s) and Cor
Page 379 and 380:
Table 3—Continued Metallogenic Be
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Table 4. Significant lode deposits,
Page 401 and 402:
Table 4—Continued Appendix 369 De
Page 403 and 404:
Table 4—Continued Tracy Metalloge
Page 405 and 406:
Table 4—Continued Appendix 373 In
Page 407 and 408:
Table 4—Continued Deposit Name Mi
Page 409 and 410:
Table 4—Continued Mainits Metallo
Page 411 and 412:
Page 413 and 414:
Page 415 and 416:
Table 4—Continued Whitehorse Meta
Page 417 and 418:
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Table 4—Continued Appendix 389 LA
Page 423 and 424:
Page 425 and 426:
Table 4—Continued Surprise Lake M
Page 427 and 428:
Table 4—Continued Sredinny Metall
Page 429:
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