USGS Professional Paper 1697 - Alaska Resources Library

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216 Metallogenesis and Tectonics of the Russian Far East, Alaska, and the Canadian Cordillera Baranof (BN), Chugach Mountains (CM), Juneau (JU), and Maclaren (MC), and Talkeetna Mountains (TM) belts, which contain Au quartz vein deposits, and the Yakobi (YK) belt that contains gabbroic Ni-Cu deposits. (8) Also in the same region, the Prince William Sound (PW) belt, which contains massive sulfide deposits related to marine mafic volcanism, is interpreted as forming during sea-floor spreading along the Kula- Farallon oceanic ridge before thrusting of the ridge beneath the margin of southern Alaska. (9) In southeastern Alaska and the Canadian Cordillera are a large array of metallogenic belts, which contain granitic-magmatism-related deposits, which are hosted in or near the Coast-North Cascade plutonic belt. In alphabetical order, these belts are the Catface (CF), centralsoutheastern Alaska (CSE), Bulkley (BK), Fish Lake-Bralorne (FLB), Gambier (GA), Nelson (NS), Skeena (SK), Surprise LATE CRETACEOUS AND EARLY TERTIARY METALLOGENIC BELTS CS Central Sakhalin EA - Eastern Asia EAAB - Anuyi-Beringovsky zone EAAT - Adycha-Taryn EACH - Chukotka zone EACN - Chaun zone EAKN - Korkodon-Nahakhan zone EAOH - Okhotsk zone EAOM - Omsukchan zone EAVI - Verkhoyansk Indigirka zone EAVK - Verkhne-Kolyma zone EAVY - Verkhne-Yudomsky zone 120 44 (unmapped) SMA oa SG es TK TU sj AM oa uo bu ko es ua oa KK MO LZ CA KM 315 ej ej oa NSS ko SMA AM KE oa HI TO ud BD TD ko GL UL UL AM LA es es oa ANV sp CS NAB TR ANV kr NE 0 800 km 0 800 km KM - Kema KH - Koryak Highlands LA - Lower Amur LZ - Luzhinsky SG - Sergeevka TK - Taukha VT - Vatyn 60 EAOH ku NSC KK 156 EAKY EAVY ud oc wvk EAVV NSV wvk Sea of Okhotsk ku EAVY KUK 68 LE KN ma EAKY ma EAOH Lake (SL), and Tyaughton-Yalakom (TY) belts. The belts are interpreted as forming during subduction-related granitic plutonism that formed the Coast continental-margin arc. In the below descriptions of metallogenic belts, a few of the noteable or signficant lode deposits (table 4) are described for each belt. Metallogenic-Tectonic Model for Late Cretaceous and Early Tertiary (84 to 52 Ma; fig. 104) During the Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary (Campanian though Early Eocene—84 to 52 Ma), the major metallogenictectonic events were (fig. 104; table 3) (1) the continuation of a series of continental-margin arcs, associated metallogenic belts, and companion subduction-zone assemblages around the Cir- NSC ma AO IR KN KN EAAT io VT PAC ka IR OK io no io MT IR oa io 76 AL RA VT OKA VT SB KRO al 120 132 Pacific Ocean oa SA oa io KH EACH, EAAB om OKA VT EK al ar Arctic Ocean om RA oa KN AGR EAVK EAOM io KN oc EAVK EAKN NU rc LS AC SA io YA OL EAKYKM PA kk PA EAAB oc WP kk PK om EACN VE KM kk TL kb MT MAI EACH, EACN, EAAB VT 168 kk VT, KH 144 156 168 180 180 AV PW MT Bering Sea al KY om oc kk bs km 168 76 Figure 102. Generalized map of major Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary metallogenic belts, overlap assemblages, and tectonically linked subduction-zone or accretionary-wedge terranes for Russian Far East, northern Japan, and adjacent offshore areas. Refer to text for description of metallogenic belts. Adapted from Nokleberg and others (1997b, 1998). Refer to figure 61 for explanation. EAVI 168 72 68 60 56 52
cum-North Pacific, (2) completion of opening of the Amerasia, Canada, and Eurasia Basins, (3) completion of accretion of the Wrangellia superterrane, (4) a change to dextral transpression in the eastern part of the Circum-North Pacific between the Kula oceanic plate and the North American continental margin, (5) oblique subduction of the Kula-Farallon oceanic ridge under the margins of Southern and southeastern Alaska and formation of associated metallogenic belts, and (6) northward migration of previously accreted terranes along the margin of the North American Cordillera. Specific Events for Late Cretaceous and Early Tertiary (1) Far to the south, at about 50º to 60º paleolatitude, the extensive Olyutorka island arc continued to form. Parts of the arc are preserved in the Nemuro (NE), Kronotskiy (KRO), and Olyutorka-Kamchatka (OKA), and Iruneisky (IR) island-arc terranes. Continuing to form in the Olyutorka arc were the Koryak Highlands metallogenic belt, which contains zoned 72 168 co oc KY ia K yk km yk K km at at kw kw at wr FO oa SP bs bs co oa NWK om KO KMT oa om kn TI WCA om ECAoa om ECA cn DE KA MC SA BR kh CG SA gg oa om TE cn SL YK bs km KY DE oa PW TM PW CM AL CG YAK NY GD TG oa PW CM CG PAC 168 BR al 156 Arctic Ocean AL CG 144 CO d PW 132 56 Late Cretaceous and Early Tertiary Metallogenic Belts (84 to 52 Ma) (figs. 102, 103) 217 52 72 Pacific Ocean NAC 156 144 TI om BN gg om cr JU 48 mafic-ultramafic PGE and Cu massive sulfide deposits, and the Vatyn (VT) metallogenic belt, which contains volcanogenic Mn and Fe deposits. Also forming in Olyutorka arc was the Iruneiskiy (IR) metallogenic belt of porphyry Mo deposits. Associated with the arc was subduction of part of the adjacent oceanic plate to form the Vetlovskiy (VT) terrane. This arc and companion subduction zone migrated northward toward the Okhotsk-Chukotka continental-margin arc. (2) Farther west, the East Sikhote-Alin continental-margin arc (es) and related deposits continued activity. Forming as prt of the arc was the West Sakhalin (WSA) turbidite-basin terrane. Continuing to form in the East-Sikhote arc were the Kema, Lower Amur, Luzhkinsky, Segeevka, and Taukha metallogenic belts. Associated with the arc was oblique subduction of part of the Pacific oceanic plate (PAC) to form the Hikada (HI), Aniva (ANV), and Nabilsky (NAB) terranes. (3) The Okhotsk-Chukotka continental-margin arc continued activity. Parts of the arc are preserved in the Okhotsk-Chukotka volcanic-plutonic belt (oc) and related Penzhina (fore-arc) Sedimentary Basin (pn). Associated with the arc was subduc- 64 FO sk BK bo CSE cr QC LATE CRETACEOUS AND EARLY TERTIARY METALLOGENIC BELTS BN - Baranof BK - Bulkley CF - Catface CM - Chugach Mountains CSE - Central-Southeastern Alaska ECA - East-Central Alaska FLB - Fish Lake-Bralorne GB - Gambier JU - Juneau KMT - Kuskokwim Mountains MC - Maclaren NR PI cn 0 cn oa NAC FS gg gg PA GB CF gg 132 PR HO OC JFR 56 tt ns oa ns FO cr SK kl cr FLB BR ns TY sb kl NScn WA WA JF SZ CC cr cn ca 800 km NWK - Northwestern Koyukuk Basin NS - Nelson PW - Prince William Sound SA - Southern Alaska SK - Skeena SL - Surprise Lake SP - Seward Peninsula TM - Talkeetna Mountains TY - Tyaughton-Yalakom WCA - West-Central Alaska YK - Yakobi om ca oa 0 800 km Figure 103. Generalized map of major Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary metallogenic belts, overlap assemblages, and tectonically linked subduction-zone or accretionary-wedge terranes for Alaska, Canadian Cordillera, and adjacent offshore areas. Refer to text for description of metallogenic belts. Adapted from Nokleberg and others (1997b, 1998). Refer to figure 62 for explanation. 48
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USGS Prepared in collaboration with
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U.S. Department of the Interior Gal
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iv Hart River SEDEX Zn-Cu-Ag Deposi
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vi Specific Events for Middle Throu
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viii Metallogenic Belts Formed Duri
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x Origin of and Tectonic Controls f
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xii Toodoggone Metallogenic Belt of
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xiv Slate Creek Serpentinite-Hosted
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xvi Left Omolon Belt of Porphyry Mo
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xviii Origin of and Tectonic Contro
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xx Chukotka Metallogenic Belt of Au
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xxii Plutonic Rocks Hosting East-Ce
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xxiv Skeena Metallogenic Belt of Po
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xxvi Bee Creek Porphyry Cu Deposit
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xxviii 36. Wellgreen gabbroic Ni-Cu
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xxx 87. Partizanskoe Pb-Zn skarn de
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Metallogenesis and Tectonics of the
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format (Nokleberg and others, 1996)
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logenesis of the region (1) subduct
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Subterrane—A fault-bounded unit w
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dilemma consists of two conflicting
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2 to 20 m thick. A related dolomite
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Lantarsky-Dzhugdzhur Metallogenic B
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Origin of and Tectonic Controls for
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Metallogenic Belts Formed During Pr
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as at Oz, Monster, and Tart, may al
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Monashee Metallogenic Belt of Sedim
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Clark Range Metallogenic Belt of Se
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in addition to the Fe deposits. Min
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study) consists of lenses, from 100
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Omulev Austrian Alps W Deposit The
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ock, including coarse clastic rock,
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lative metalliferous brines in a re
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Prince of Wales Island Metallogenic
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suite of deposits and host rocks ar
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margin of the North American Craton
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newly created terranes migrated int
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(Ryazantzeva and Shurko, 1992). The
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tonnes Au and an average grade of a
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mafic and felsic metavolcanic rocks
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intrusion from about 402 to 366 Ma
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mentary rocks of the Cambrian to De
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(Preto and Schiarizza, 1985; Schiar
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ate and clastic rocks and volcanicl
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(Nokleberg and others, 1994c, 1997c
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Berezovka River Metallogenic Belt o
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Finlayson Lake Metallogenic Belt of
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and barite in siliceous black turbi
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Windermere Creek (Western Gypsum) C
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(NX, DL, MY), Viliga (VL), and Zolo
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South of the main east-west-trendin
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ated subduction zone in the Wrangel
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icite-biotite-quartz bodies in frac
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Canada Cordillera. The granitoid ro
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Viliga (VL) passive continental-mar
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32; tables 3, 4) occurs along the n
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superterrane, consists mainly of ma
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ers, 1994c, 1997c). In southern Bri
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mental volcanic rocks of intermedia
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a resource of 34.3 million tonnes o
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potassic zone. Combined estimated p
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and quartz monzodiorite stock and s
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and Omolon (OM) cratonal terranes,
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in volcanic and volcaniclastic rock
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minor calcite, and sporadic pyrite
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supergene blanket are interpreted a
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deposits and occurrences consist of
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onto the Omulevka terrane to form t
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superterrane. This belt is interpre
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to form along the leading edge of t
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quartz, and is virtually not associ
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deposits are at Terrassnoe and Kuna
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Peschanka Porphyry Cu-Mo Deposit Th
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The belt is hosted in the Late Jura
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in a island arc that was tectonical
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and Early Cretaceous Koyukuk island
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The deposit consists of disseminate
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The Orange Hill deposit contains an
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49; tables 3, 4) (Foley and others,
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locally Late Triassic marine volcan
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gold in a gangue of quartz, calcite
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Verkhoyansk granite belt, which int
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metallogenic belts are interpreted
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assemblages, which may have been mo
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during hypogene and supergene alter
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collision and regional thrusting, t
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Yur Au Quartz Vein Deposit The smal
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phase has a Rb-Sr isotopic age of 1
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sian Northeast. The belt is hosted
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Host Granitoid Rocks and Associated
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that are up to 600-1,500 m long, av
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Metallogenic Belts Formed During La
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y partly coeval plutons that range
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tion is interpreted as occuring by
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the Badzhal-Ezop and Khingan parts
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Page 199 and 200: as interpreted for the Rock Creek d
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Page 203 and 204: 2000). The spatial location of the
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Page 207 and 208: occur in a 30-km-long belt along ir
Page 209 and 210: The Emerald deposit has produced ap
Page 211 and 212: Metallogenic-Tectonic Model for Ear
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Page 219 and 220: Origin of and Tectonic Controls for
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Page 223 and 224: quartz-arsenopyrite-pyrrhotite, pol
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Page 227 and 228: These ore bodies are as much as 1 m
Page 229 and 230: Eastern Asia-Arctic Metallogenic Be
Page 231 and 232: Demin, and Krasilnikov, 1974; Nekra
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Page 235 and 236: pyrite, pyrite, galena, sphalerite,
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Page 241 and 242: Karalveem Au Quartz Vein Deposit Th
Page 243 and 244: Democrat (Mitchell Lode) Granitoid-
Page 245 and 246: with high-temperature and high-pres
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Page 251 and 252: (6) In the Paleocene (about 56 to 6
Page 253 and 254: sists of cinnabar and metacinnabari
Page 255 and 256: Eastern Asia-Arctic Metallogenic Be
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Page 259 and 260: Indian Mountain and Purcell Mountai
Page 261 and 262: and southeastern Alaska (Moll and P
Page 263 and 264: Nokleberg and others, 1995a; Bundtz
Page 265 and 266: g/t Au or 368.2 Au gold. The deposi
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Page 269 and 270: Mount Nansen porphyry Cu-Mo deposit
Page 271 and 272: A Map 450 500 550 Cross section Dik
Page 273 and 274: Cretaceous and early Tertiary conti
Page 275 and 276: deposits, at Chichagoff and Hirst-C
Page 277 and 278: others, 1994c, 1997c). The signific
Page 279 and 280: tonnes grading 0.53 percent Ni, 0.3
Page 281 and 282: with a 0.25 percent cut-off. The de
Page 283 and 284: Bulkley Metallogenic Belt of Porphy
Page 285 and 286: Red Rose W-Au-Cu-Ag Polymetallic Ve
Page 287 and 288: ish Columbia and consists of severa
Page 289 and 290: during back-arc extension or transt
Page 291 and 292: stocks and dikes, is associated wit
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Page 295 and 296: Specific Events for Early to Middle
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sists of a mineralized fracture zon
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dolomite. Wall rock alteration incl
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elt of late Tertiary plutons that a
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plates that exhibit magnetic anomal
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stages (Petrenko, 1999): (1) In the
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mon. The deposit is of medium size
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Metallogenic-Tectonic Model for Lat
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The origin of the Hg deposits of th
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margin or island-arc tectonic envir
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Columbia: Implicatons for the Middl
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Bazard, D.R., Butler, R.F., Gehrels
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Bradley, D.C., Haeussler, P.J., and
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Bundtzen, T.K., Laird, G.M., Caluti
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Cecile, M.P., 1982, The lower Paleo
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Debari, S.M., and Coleman, R.G., 19
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U.S. Bureau of Land Management Open
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Cordilleran Orogen in Canada: Geolo
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Goldfarb, R., Hart, C., Miller, M.,
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Grove, E.W., 1986, Geology and mine
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Høy, T., 1982a, Stratigraphic and
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Jones, D.L., Silberling, N.J., Cone
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Kutyev, F. Sh., Baikov, A.I., Sidor
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Shield—Ultramafic magma and its m
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Manns, F.T., 1981, Stratigraphic as
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Miller, M.L., and Bundtzen, T.K., 1
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Mortimer, N., 1987, The Nicola Grou
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Noble, S.R., Spooner, E.T.C., and H
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Canada Annual Meeting, Saskatoon, S
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Perello, J.A., Fleming, J.A., O’K
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Far East—Mineralogical criteria f
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Roeske, S.M., Mattinson, J.M., and
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Schmidt, J.M., and Zierenberg, R.A.
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formation occurrences: Materialy po
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Struik, L.C., 1986, Imbricated terr
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Valuy, G., and Rostovsky, F., 1988,
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Wolfe, W.J., 1995, Exploration and
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Appendix Table 1. Mineral deposit m
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Table 2 Summary of correlations and
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Table 2—Continued Unit(s) and Cor
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Table 2—Continued Unit(s) and Cor
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Table 3—Continued Metallogenic Be
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Table 4. Significant lode deposits,
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Table 4—Continued Appendix 369 De
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Table 4—Continued Tracy Metalloge
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Table 4—Continued Appendix 373 In
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Table 4—Continued Deposit Name Mi
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Table 4—Continued Mainits Metallo
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Table 4—Continued Whitehorse Meta
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Table 4—Continued Appendix 389 LA
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Table 4—Continued Surprise Lake M
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Table 4—Continued Sredinny Metall
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